Microplastics exposure and immunologic response
Main Article Content
Keywords
Allergy, Epithelia, Microplastics, Nanoplastics
Abstract
Objective: To assess the impact of microplastics (MPs) on human health.
Data Source: The authors conducted a non-systematic review of articles published in English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish in the last decade in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and SciELO. The keywords used were: microplastics OR nanoplastics OR marine litter OR toxicology OR additives AND human health OR children OR adults.
Data summary: MPs are a group of emerging contaminants that have attracted scientific interest and societal attention in the last decade due to their ubiquitous detection in all environments. Humans can primarily be exposed to MPs and nanoplastics via oral and inhalation routes, but dermal contact cannot be overlooked, especially in young children. The possible toxic effects of plastic particles are due to their potential toxicity, often combined with that of leachable additives and adsorbed contaminants.
Conclusions: Unless the plastic value chain is transformed over the next two decades, the risks to species, marine ecosystems, climate, health, economy, and communities will be unmanageable. However, along with these risks are the unique opportunities to help transition to a more sustainable world.
References
1. Ainali MN, Kalaronis D, Kontogiannis A, Evgenidou E, Kyzas GZ, Yang X, et al. Microplastics in the environment: Sampling, pretreatment, analysis and occurrence based on current and newly-exploited chromatographic approaches. Sci Total Environ. 2021;794:148725. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148725
2. Breaking the plastic wave. [cited 2022 Dec]. Available from: https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2020/07/breakingtheplasticwave_summary.pdf
3. Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AW, et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science. 2004;304(5672):838. 10.1126/science.1094559
4. Arthur C, Baker J, Bamford H (Eds). Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris Sept 9-11, 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30. 2009. [cited 2022 Dec]. Available from: https://marine.gov.scot/sma/content/proceedings-international-research-workshop-occurrence-effects-and-fate-microplastic-marinek
5. Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Goodhead R, Moger J, et al., Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;18;47(12):6646–55. 10.1021/es400663f
6. Debroy A, George N, Mukherjee G. Role of biofilms in the degradation of microplastic in aquatic environments. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2022;97:3271–82. 10.1002/jctb.6978
7. Jeyasanta KI, Patterson J, Jayanthi M, Bilgi DS, Sathish N, Edward JK. Microplastic pollution and its implicated risk in the estuarine environment of Tamil Nadu, India. Sci Total Environ. 2023;861:160572. 10.1016/j.scitenv.2022.160572
8. Salthammer T. Microplastics and their Additives in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2022;61:e202205713. 10.102/anie.202205713
9. Street ME, Bernasconi S. Microplastics, environment and child health. Ita J Pediatrics. 2021;47:75. 10.1186/s13052-021-01034-3
10. Molina E, Benedé S. Is there evidence of health risks from exposure to micro-and nanoplastics in foods? Front Nutr. 2022;9:910094. 10.3389/fnut.2022.910094
11. Semensatto D, Labuto G, Gerolin CR. The importance of integrating morphological attributes of microplastics: A theoretical discussion to assess environmental impacts. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022. 10.1007/s11356-022-24567-4
12. Toussaint B, Raffael B, Angers-Loustau A, Gilliland D, Kestens V, Petrillo M, et al. Review of micro-and nanoplastic contamination in the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2019;36(5):639–73. 10.1080/19440049.2019.1583381
13. Ageel HK, Harrad S, Abdallah MA. Occurrence, human exposure, and risk of microplastics in the indoor environment. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2022;26;24(1):17–31. 10.1039/d1em00301a
14. Torres-Agullo A, Karanasiou A, Moreno T, Lacorte S. Airborne microplastic particle concentrations and characterization in indoor urban microenvironments. Environ Pollut. 2022;308:119707. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119707
15. Jianqiang Z, Xingging Z, Kaizhen L, Pengfei W, Hangbiao J. Microplastics in dust from different indoor environments. SciEnviron. 2022;833:155256. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155256
16. Soltani NS, Taylor MP, Wilson SP. Quantification and exposure assessment of microplastics in Australian indoor house dust. Environ Pollut. 2021;283:117064. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117064
17. Chen EY, Lin KT, Jung CC, Chang CL, Chen CY. Characteristics and influencing factors of airborne microplastics in nail salons. Sci Total Environ. 2022;806(Pt 4):151472. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151472
18. De Falco F, Di Pace E, Cocca M, Avella M. The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Sci Rep 2019;9:6633. 10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x
19. O’Brien S, Okoffo ED, Rauert C, O’Brien JW, Ribeiro F, Burrows SD, et al. Quantification of selected microplastics in Australian urban road dust. J Hazard Mater. 2021;15;416:125811. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12581
20. Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, Mirande C, Tassin B. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment? Mar Pollut Bull. 2016;104:290–3. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
21. Dissanayake PD, Kim S, Sarkar B, Oleszczuk P, Sang MK, Haque MN, et al. Effects of microplastics on the terrestrial environment: A critical review. Environ Res. 2022;209:112734. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112734
22. Naik RK, Naik MM, D’Costa PM, Shaikh F. Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019;149:110525. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110525
23. Vethaak D, Legler J. Microplastics and human health. Science. 2021;371:6530. 10.1126/science.abe504
24. Liu X, Wang X, Wang RJ, Guo S Ahmad S, Song Y, et al. Effects comparison between the secondary nanoplastics released from biodegradable and conventional plastics on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. Environ Pollut. 2022;317:120680. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120680
25. Ortega D, Cortéz-Arriagada D. Atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics as vectors of primary air pollutants—A theoretical study on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) case. EnvironPollut. 2023;318:120860. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120860
26. Domenech J, Marcos R. Pathways of human exposure to microplastics, and estimation of the total burden. CurrOpinFood Sci. 2021;39:144–51. 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.01.004
27. Xu M, Halimu G, Zhang Q, Song Y, Fu X, Li Y, et al., Internalization and toxicity: A preliminary study of effects of nanoplastic particles on human lung epithelial cell. Sci Total Environ. 2019;694:133794. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133794
28. Mehmood T, Hassan MA, Faheem M, Shakoor A. Why is inhalation the most discriminative route of microplastics exposure? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29(33):49479–82. 10.1007/s11356-022-20653-9
29. Lehner R, Weder C, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Emergence of nanoplastic in the environment and possible impact on human health. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:1748–65. 10.1021/acs.est.8b05512
30. Celebi Sözener Z, Cevhertas L, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1517–28. 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.024. PMid: 32507229
31. Lu K, Zhan D, Fang Y, Li L, Chen G, Chen S, et al. Microplastic, potential threat to patients with lung diseases. Front Toxicol. 2022; 28;4:958414. 10.3389/ftox.2022.958414
32. Li L, Xu Y, Li S, Zhang X, Feng H, Dai Y, et al. Molecular modeling of nanoplastic transformations in alveolar fluid and impacts on the lung surfactant film. J Hazard Mat. 2022;427:127872. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127872
33. Shi W, Cao Y, Chai X, Zhao Q, Geng Y, Liu D, et al. Potential health risks of the interaction of microplastics and lung surfactant. J Hazard Mat 2022;429:128109. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128109
34. Yang S, Cheng Y, Chen Z, Liu T, Yin L, Pu Y, et al. In vitro evaluation of nanoplastics using human lung epithelial cells, microarray analysis and co-culture model. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;226:112837. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112837
35. Dong CD, Chen CW, Chen YC, Chen HH, Lee JS, Lin CH. Polystyrene microplastic particles: In vitro pulmonary toxicity assessment. J Hazard Mater. 2020;385:121575. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121575
36. Amato-Lourenço LF, Dos Santos Galvão L, de Weger LA, Hiemstra PS, Vijver MG, Mauad T. An emerging class of air pollutants: Potential effects of microplastics to human respiratory health? Sci Total Environ.2020;749;141576. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141676
37. Zhao C, Wang Y, Su Z, Pu W, Niu M, Song S, et al. Respiratory exposure to PM2.5 soluble extract disrupts mucosal barrier function and promotes the development of experimental asthma. Sci Total Environ. 2020;730:139145. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139145
38. Sripada K, Wierzbicka A, Abbas K, Grimalt JO, Erbe A, Röllin HB, et al. A children’s health perspective on nano and microplastics. Environ Health Perspect. 2022;130(1):15001. 10.1289/EHP9086
39. Fournier SB, D’Errico JN, Adler DS, Kollontzi S, Goedken MJ, Fabris L, et al. Nanopolystyrene translocation and fetal deposition after acute lung exposure during late-stage pregnancy. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020;17(1):55. 10.1186/s12989-020-00385-9
40. Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, et al. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. E Environ Int. 2021;146:106274. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274
41. Hu J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wu J, Zeng W, et al. The potential toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to human trophoblasts in vitro. Environ Pollut. 2022;311:119924. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119924
42. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull. 2011;62(12):2588–97. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
43. Li H, Ma L, Lin L, Ni Z, Xu X, Shi H, et al. Microplastics in oysters Saccostrea cucullate along the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ Poll. 2018; 236:619–25. 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.083
44. Gundogdu S. Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2018;35(5):1006–14. 10.1080/19440049.2018.1447694
45. Renzi M, Blaskovic A. Litter and microplastics features in table salts from marine origin: Italian versus Croatian brands. Mar Pollut Bull. 2018;135:62–8. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.065
46. Schirinzi GF, Perez-Pomeda I, Sanchis J, Rossini C, Farre M, Barcelo D. Cytotoxic effects of commonly used nanomaterials and microplastics on cerebral and epithelial human cells. Environ Res. 2017;159: 579–87. 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.043
47. Chang X, Xue Y, Li J, Zou L, Tang M. Potential health impact of environmental micro and nanoplastics pollution. J Appl Toxicol. 2020;40(1):4–15. 10.1002/jat.3915
48. Schmidt C, Lautenschlaeger C, Collnot E-M, Schumann M, Bojarski C, Schulzke J-D, et al. Nano-and microscaled particles for drug targeting to inflamed intestinal mucosa—A first in vivo study in human patients. J Control Release. 2013;165(2):139–45.10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.019
49. Poma A, Vecchiotti G, Colafarina S, Zarivi O, Aloisi M, Arrizza L, et al. In vitro genotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles on the human fibroblast Hs27 cell line. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2019;9:1299. 10.3390/nano9091299
50. Revel M, Châtel A, Mouneyrac C. Micro(nano)plastics: A threat to human health? Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. 2018;1:17–23. 10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.003
51. Yang W, Jannatun N, Zeng Y, Liu T, Zhang G, Chen C, et al. Impacts of microplastic on immunity. Front Toxicol. 2022;27;4:956885. 10.3389/ftox.2022.956885
52. Silva MSS, Oliveira M, Valente P, Figueira E, Martins M, Pires A. Behavior and biochemical responses of the polychaeta Hediste diversicolor to polystyrene nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2020;707:134434. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134434
53. Stapleton PA Toxicological considerations of nano-sized plastics. Environ Sci. 2019;6:367–78. 10.3934/environsci.2019.5.367
54. Thubagere A, Reinhard BM. Nanoparticle-induced apoptosis propagates through hydrogen-peroxide-mediated bystander killing: Insights from a human intestinal epithelium in vitro model. ACS Nano. 2010;4:3611–22. 10.1021/nn100389a
55. Li J, Liu H, Paul Chen J. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res. 2018;137:362–74. 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056
56. Grigorakis S, Drouillard KG. Effect of microplastic amendment to food on diet assimilation efficiencies of PCBs by fish. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(18):10796–802. 10.1021/acs.est.8b02497
57. Waring RH, Harris RM, Mitchell SC. Plastic contamination of the food chain: A threat to human health. Maturitas. 2018;115(41):64–8. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.010
58. Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, Turk M, Gorgulu Akin B, Akdis M, et al. Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1418–49. 10.1111/all.15240
59. Abbasi S, Turner A, Sharifi R. Microplastics in the school classrooms of Shiraz, Iran. Build Environ. 2022;207:108562. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108562
60. Lu K, Lai KP, Stoeger T, Ji S, Lin Z, Lin X, et al. Detrimental effects of microplastic exposure on normal and asthmatic pulmonary physiology. J Hazard Mater. 2021;416:126069. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126069.
61. Amato-Lourenço LF, Carvalho-Oliveira R, Júnior GR, Dos Santos Galvão L, Ando RA, Mauad TJ. Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. Hazard Mater. 2021;416:126124. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126124
62. Huang S, Huang X, Bi R, Guo Q, Yu X, Zeng Q, et al. Detection and analysis of microplastics in human sputum. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;15;56(4):2476–86. 10.1021/acs.est.1c03859
63. Baeza-Martínez C, Olmos S, González-Pleiter M, López-Castellanos J, Garcia-Pachón E, Masiá-Canuto M, et al. First evidence of microplastics isolated in European citizens’ lower airway. J Hazard Mater. 2022;438:129439. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129439
64. Chen Q, Gao J, Yu H, Su H, Yang Y, Cao Y, et al. An emerging role of microplastics in the etiology of lung ground glass nodules. Environ Sci Eur. 2022;34:25. 10.1186/s12302-022-00605-3
65. De Granda-Orive JI, Solano-Reina S, Jiménez-Ruiz CA. Tobacco as a source of microplastics. Tobacco and environment: World No Tobacco Day 2022. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022;58:395–7. 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.04.005
66. Shen M, Li Y, Song B, Zhou C, Gong J, Zeng G. Smoked cigarette butts: Unignorable source for environmental microplastic fibers. Sci Total Environ. 2021;791:148384. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148384
67. Belzagui F, Buscio V, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M. Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern. Sci Total Environ. 2021;762:144165. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144165
68. Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y, Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the environment: Intake through the food web, human exposure and toxicological effects. Toxics. 2021;9(9):224. 10.3390/toxics909022
69. Mortensen NP, Fennell TR, Johnson LM. Unintended human ingestion of nanoplastics and small microplastics through drinking water, beverages, and food sources. NanoImpact. 2021;21:100302. 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100302
70. Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger T, et al. Detection of various microplastics in human stool: A prospective case series. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(7):453–7. 10.7326/M19-0618
71. Zhang J, Wang L, Trasande L, Kannan K. Occurrence of polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate microplastics in infant and adult feces. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2021;8(11):989–94. Available from: done
72. Fournier E, Etienne-Mesmin L, Grootaert C, Jelsbak L, Syberg K, Blanquet-Diot S, et al., Microplastics in the human digestive environment: A focus on the potential and challenges facing in vitro gut model development. Hazard Mater. 2021;5(415):125632. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125632
73. Yee MS, Hii LW, Looi CK, Lim WM, Wong SF, Kok YY, et al. Impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on humanh. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;16;11(2):496. 10.3390/nano11020496
74. Lundqvist M, Stigler J, Elia G, Lynch I, Cedervall T, Dawson KA. Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:14265–70. 10.1073/pnas.080513510
75. Tenzer S, Docter D, Kuharev J, Musyanovych A, Fetz V, Hecht R, et al., Rapid formation of plasma protein corona critically affects nanoparticle pathophysiology. Nat Nanotechnol 2013;8:772–781. 10.1038/nnano.2013.181
76. Zhang X, Wang H, Peng S, Kang J, Xie Z, Tang R, et al. Effect of microplastic on nasal and intestinal microbiota of the high-exposure population. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1005535. 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005535
77. Rodrigues ACB, de Jesus GP, Waked D, Gomes GL, Silva TM, Yariwake VY, et al. Scientific evidence about the risk of micro and nanoplastic (MNPLs) to human health and their exposure routes through the environment. Toxics. 2022;10(6):308. 10.3390/toxics10060308
78. Jiménez-Arroyo C, Tamargo A, Molinero N, Moreno-Arribas MV. The gut microbiota, a key to understanding the health implications of micro(nano)plastics and their biodegradation. Microb Biotechnol. 2023;16(1):34–53. 10.1111/1751-7915.14182
79. Li D, Shi Y, Yang L, Xiao L, Kehoe DK, Gun’ko YK, et al. Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation. Nat Food. 2020;1:746–54. 10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y
80. Song K, Ding R, Sun C, Yao L, Zhang W. Microparticles and microplastics released from daily use of plastic feeding and water bottles and plastic injectors: Potential risks to infants and children in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28(42):59813–20. 10.1007/s11356-021-14939-7
81. Segovia-Mendoza M, Nava-Castro KE, Palacios-Arreola MI, Garay-Canales C, Morales-Montor J. How microplastic components influence the immune system and impact on children health: Focus on cancer. Birth Defects Res. 2020;112(17):1341–61. 10.1002/bdr2.1779
82. Senathirajah K, Attwood S, Bhagwat G, Carbery M, Wilson S, Palanisami TJ. Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested—A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment. Hazard Mater. 2021;15;404(Pt B):124004. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124004
83. Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, Banni M, Favara C, Nicolosi I, Cristaldi A, et al. Micro-and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population. Environ Res. 2020;187:109677. 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109677
84. Shruti VC, Kutralam-Muniasamy G, Pérez-Guevara F, Roy PD, Elizalde-Martínez I. First evidence of microplastic contamination in ready-to-use packaged food ice cubes. Environ Pollut. 2023;318:120905. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120905
85. Liang B, Zhong Y, Huang Y, Lin X, Liu J, Lin L, et al. Underestimated health risks: Polystyrene micro-and nanoplastics jointly induce intestinal barrier dysfunction by ROS-mediated epithelial cell apoptosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021;18:20. 10.1186/s12989-021-00414-1
86. Zhdanov VP, Cho NJ. Kinetics of the formation of a protein corona around nanoparticles. Math Biosci. 2016;282:82–90. 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.09.018
87. Samadi N, Klems M, Untersmayr E. The role of gastrointestinal permeability in food allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:168–73. 10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.010
88. Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhang F, Ren H, Zhang Y. Analysis of microplastics in human feces reveals a correlation between fecal microplastic and inflammatory bowel disease status. Environ Sci Technol. 2022; 56:141–21. 10.1021/acs.est.1c03924
89. Llorca M, Farré M. Current insights into potential effects of micro-nanoplastics on human healthby in-vitro tests. Front Toxicol. 2021;3:752140. 10.3389/ftox.2021.752140
90. Lee S, Park SK, Park H, Lee W, Lee JH, Hong YC, et al. Joint association of prenatal bisphenol-A and phthalates exposure with risk of atopic dermatitis in 6-month-old infants. Sci Total Environ. 2021;789:147953. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147953
91. Campbell CSJ, Contreras-Rojas LR, Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. Objective assessment of nanoparticle disposition in mammalian skin after topical. J Control Release. 2012;162(1):201–7. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.024
2. Breaking the plastic wave. [cited 2022 Dec]. Available from: https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2020/07/breakingtheplasticwave_summary.pdf
3. Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AW, et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science. 2004;304(5672):838. 10.1126/science.1094559
4. Arthur C, Baker J, Bamford H (Eds). Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris Sept 9-11, 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30. 2009. [cited 2022 Dec]. Available from: https://marine.gov.scot/sma/content/proceedings-international-research-workshop-occurrence-effects-and-fate-microplastic-marinek
5. Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Goodhead R, Moger J, et al., Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;18;47(12):6646–55. 10.1021/es400663f
6. Debroy A, George N, Mukherjee G. Role of biofilms in the degradation of microplastic in aquatic environments. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2022;97:3271–82. 10.1002/jctb.6978
7. Jeyasanta KI, Patterson J, Jayanthi M, Bilgi DS, Sathish N, Edward JK. Microplastic pollution and its implicated risk in the estuarine environment of Tamil Nadu, India. Sci Total Environ. 2023;861:160572. 10.1016/j.scitenv.2022.160572
8. Salthammer T. Microplastics and their Additives in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2022;61:e202205713. 10.102/anie.202205713
9. Street ME, Bernasconi S. Microplastics, environment and child health. Ita J Pediatrics. 2021;47:75. 10.1186/s13052-021-01034-3
10. Molina E, Benedé S. Is there evidence of health risks from exposure to micro-and nanoplastics in foods? Front Nutr. 2022;9:910094. 10.3389/fnut.2022.910094
11. Semensatto D, Labuto G, Gerolin CR. The importance of integrating morphological attributes of microplastics: A theoretical discussion to assess environmental impacts. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022. 10.1007/s11356-022-24567-4
12. Toussaint B, Raffael B, Angers-Loustau A, Gilliland D, Kestens V, Petrillo M, et al. Review of micro-and nanoplastic contamination in the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2019;36(5):639–73. 10.1080/19440049.2019.1583381
13. Ageel HK, Harrad S, Abdallah MA. Occurrence, human exposure, and risk of microplastics in the indoor environment. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2022;26;24(1):17–31. 10.1039/d1em00301a
14. Torres-Agullo A, Karanasiou A, Moreno T, Lacorte S. Airborne microplastic particle concentrations and characterization in indoor urban microenvironments. Environ Pollut. 2022;308:119707. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119707
15. Jianqiang Z, Xingging Z, Kaizhen L, Pengfei W, Hangbiao J. Microplastics in dust from different indoor environments. SciEnviron. 2022;833:155256. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155256
16. Soltani NS, Taylor MP, Wilson SP. Quantification and exposure assessment of microplastics in Australian indoor house dust. Environ Pollut. 2021;283:117064. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117064
17. Chen EY, Lin KT, Jung CC, Chang CL, Chen CY. Characteristics and influencing factors of airborne microplastics in nail salons. Sci Total Environ. 2022;806(Pt 4):151472. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151472
18. De Falco F, Di Pace E, Cocca M, Avella M. The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Sci Rep 2019;9:6633. 10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x
19. O’Brien S, Okoffo ED, Rauert C, O’Brien JW, Ribeiro F, Burrows SD, et al. Quantification of selected microplastics in Australian urban road dust. J Hazard Mater. 2021;15;416:125811. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12581
20. Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, Mirande C, Tassin B. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment? Mar Pollut Bull. 2016;104:290–3. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
21. Dissanayake PD, Kim S, Sarkar B, Oleszczuk P, Sang MK, Haque MN, et al. Effects of microplastics on the terrestrial environment: A critical review. Environ Res. 2022;209:112734. 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112734
22. Naik RK, Naik MM, D’Costa PM, Shaikh F. Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019;149:110525. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110525
23. Vethaak D, Legler J. Microplastics and human health. Science. 2021;371:6530. 10.1126/science.abe504
24. Liu X, Wang X, Wang RJ, Guo S Ahmad S, Song Y, et al. Effects comparison between the secondary nanoplastics released from biodegradable and conventional plastics on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. Environ Pollut. 2022;317:120680. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120680
25. Ortega D, Cortéz-Arriagada D. Atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics as vectors of primary air pollutants—A theoretical study on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) case. EnvironPollut. 2023;318:120860. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120860
26. Domenech J, Marcos R. Pathways of human exposure to microplastics, and estimation of the total burden. CurrOpinFood Sci. 2021;39:144–51. 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.01.004
27. Xu M, Halimu G, Zhang Q, Song Y, Fu X, Li Y, et al., Internalization and toxicity: A preliminary study of effects of nanoplastic particles on human lung epithelial cell. Sci Total Environ. 2019;694:133794. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133794
28. Mehmood T, Hassan MA, Faheem M, Shakoor A. Why is inhalation the most discriminative route of microplastics exposure? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29(33):49479–82. 10.1007/s11356-022-20653-9
29. Lehner R, Weder C, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Emergence of nanoplastic in the environment and possible impact on human health. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:1748–65. 10.1021/acs.est.8b05512
30. Celebi Sözener Z, Cevhertas L, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1517–28. 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.024. PMid: 32507229
31. Lu K, Zhan D, Fang Y, Li L, Chen G, Chen S, et al. Microplastic, potential threat to patients with lung diseases. Front Toxicol. 2022; 28;4:958414. 10.3389/ftox.2022.958414
32. Li L, Xu Y, Li S, Zhang X, Feng H, Dai Y, et al. Molecular modeling of nanoplastic transformations in alveolar fluid and impacts on the lung surfactant film. J Hazard Mat. 2022;427:127872. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127872
33. Shi W, Cao Y, Chai X, Zhao Q, Geng Y, Liu D, et al. Potential health risks of the interaction of microplastics and lung surfactant. J Hazard Mat 2022;429:128109. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128109
34. Yang S, Cheng Y, Chen Z, Liu T, Yin L, Pu Y, et al. In vitro evaluation of nanoplastics using human lung epithelial cells, microarray analysis and co-culture model. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;226:112837. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112837
35. Dong CD, Chen CW, Chen YC, Chen HH, Lee JS, Lin CH. Polystyrene microplastic particles: In vitro pulmonary toxicity assessment. J Hazard Mater. 2020;385:121575. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121575
36. Amato-Lourenço LF, Dos Santos Galvão L, de Weger LA, Hiemstra PS, Vijver MG, Mauad T. An emerging class of air pollutants: Potential effects of microplastics to human respiratory health? Sci Total Environ.2020;749;141576. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141676
37. Zhao C, Wang Y, Su Z, Pu W, Niu M, Song S, et al. Respiratory exposure to PM2.5 soluble extract disrupts mucosal barrier function and promotes the development of experimental asthma. Sci Total Environ. 2020;730:139145. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139145
38. Sripada K, Wierzbicka A, Abbas K, Grimalt JO, Erbe A, Röllin HB, et al. A children’s health perspective on nano and microplastics. Environ Health Perspect. 2022;130(1):15001. 10.1289/EHP9086
39. Fournier SB, D’Errico JN, Adler DS, Kollontzi S, Goedken MJ, Fabris L, et al. Nanopolystyrene translocation and fetal deposition after acute lung exposure during late-stage pregnancy. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020;17(1):55. 10.1186/s12989-020-00385-9
40. Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, et al. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. E Environ Int. 2021;146:106274. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274
41. Hu J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wu J, Zeng W, et al. The potential toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to human trophoblasts in vitro. Environ Pollut. 2022;311:119924. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119924
42. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull. 2011;62(12):2588–97. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
43. Li H, Ma L, Lin L, Ni Z, Xu X, Shi H, et al. Microplastics in oysters Saccostrea cucullate along the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ Poll. 2018; 236:619–25. 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.083
44. Gundogdu S. Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2018;35(5):1006–14. 10.1080/19440049.2018.1447694
45. Renzi M, Blaskovic A. Litter and microplastics features in table salts from marine origin: Italian versus Croatian brands. Mar Pollut Bull. 2018;135:62–8. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.065
46. Schirinzi GF, Perez-Pomeda I, Sanchis J, Rossini C, Farre M, Barcelo D. Cytotoxic effects of commonly used nanomaterials and microplastics on cerebral and epithelial human cells. Environ Res. 2017;159: 579–87. 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.043
47. Chang X, Xue Y, Li J, Zou L, Tang M. Potential health impact of environmental micro and nanoplastics pollution. J Appl Toxicol. 2020;40(1):4–15. 10.1002/jat.3915
48. Schmidt C, Lautenschlaeger C, Collnot E-M, Schumann M, Bojarski C, Schulzke J-D, et al. Nano-and microscaled particles for drug targeting to inflamed intestinal mucosa—A first in vivo study in human patients. J Control Release. 2013;165(2):139–45.10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.019
49. Poma A, Vecchiotti G, Colafarina S, Zarivi O, Aloisi M, Arrizza L, et al. In vitro genotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles on the human fibroblast Hs27 cell line. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2019;9:1299. 10.3390/nano9091299
50. Revel M, Châtel A, Mouneyrac C. Micro(nano)plastics: A threat to human health? Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. 2018;1:17–23. 10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.003
51. Yang W, Jannatun N, Zeng Y, Liu T, Zhang G, Chen C, et al. Impacts of microplastic on immunity. Front Toxicol. 2022;27;4:956885. 10.3389/ftox.2022.956885
52. Silva MSS, Oliveira M, Valente P, Figueira E, Martins M, Pires A. Behavior and biochemical responses of the polychaeta Hediste diversicolor to polystyrene nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2020;707:134434. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134434
53. Stapleton PA Toxicological considerations of nano-sized plastics. Environ Sci. 2019;6:367–78. 10.3934/environsci.2019.5.367
54. Thubagere A, Reinhard BM. Nanoparticle-induced apoptosis propagates through hydrogen-peroxide-mediated bystander killing: Insights from a human intestinal epithelium in vitro model. ACS Nano. 2010;4:3611–22. 10.1021/nn100389a
55. Li J, Liu H, Paul Chen J. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res. 2018;137:362–74. 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056
56. Grigorakis S, Drouillard KG. Effect of microplastic amendment to food on diet assimilation efficiencies of PCBs by fish. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(18):10796–802. 10.1021/acs.est.8b02497
57. Waring RH, Harris RM, Mitchell SC. Plastic contamination of the food chain: A threat to human health. Maturitas. 2018;115(41):64–8. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.010
58. Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, Turk M, Gorgulu Akin B, Akdis M, et al. Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1418–49. 10.1111/all.15240
59. Abbasi S, Turner A, Sharifi R. Microplastics in the school classrooms of Shiraz, Iran. Build Environ. 2022;207:108562. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108562
60. Lu K, Lai KP, Stoeger T, Ji S, Lin Z, Lin X, et al. Detrimental effects of microplastic exposure on normal and asthmatic pulmonary physiology. J Hazard Mater. 2021;416:126069. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126069.
61. Amato-Lourenço LF, Carvalho-Oliveira R, Júnior GR, Dos Santos Galvão L, Ando RA, Mauad TJ. Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. Hazard Mater. 2021;416:126124. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126124
62. Huang S, Huang X, Bi R, Guo Q, Yu X, Zeng Q, et al. Detection and analysis of microplastics in human sputum. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;15;56(4):2476–86. 10.1021/acs.est.1c03859
63. Baeza-Martínez C, Olmos S, González-Pleiter M, López-Castellanos J, Garcia-Pachón E, Masiá-Canuto M, et al. First evidence of microplastics isolated in European citizens’ lower airway. J Hazard Mater. 2022;438:129439. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129439
64. Chen Q, Gao J, Yu H, Su H, Yang Y, Cao Y, et al. An emerging role of microplastics in the etiology of lung ground glass nodules. Environ Sci Eur. 2022;34:25. 10.1186/s12302-022-00605-3
65. De Granda-Orive JI, Solano-Reina S, Jiménez-Ruiz CA. Tobacco as a source of microplastics. Tobacco and environment: World No Tobacco Day 2022. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022;58:395–7. 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.04.005
66. Shen M, Li Y, Song B, Zhou C, Gong J, Zeng G. Smoked cigarette butts: Unignorable source for environmental microplastic fibers. Sci Total Environ. 2021;791:148384. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148384
67. Belzagui F, Buscio V, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M. Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern. Sci Total Environ. 2021;762:144165. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144165
68. Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y, Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the environment: Intake through the food web, human exposure and toxicological effects. Toxics. 2021;9(9):224. 10.3390/toxics909022
69. Mortensen NP, Fennell TR, Johnson LM. Unintended human ingestion of nanoplastics and small microplastics through drinking water, beverages, and food sources. NanoImpact. 2021;21:100302. 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100302
70. Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger T, et al. Detection of various microplastics in human stool: A prospective case series. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(7):453–7. 10.7326/M19-0618
71. Zhang J, Wang L, Trasande L, Kannan K. Occurrence of polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate microplastics in infant and adult feces. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2021;8(11):989–94. Available from: done
72. Fournier E, Etienne-Mesmin L, Grootaert C, Jelsbak L, Syberg K, Blanquet-Diot S, et al., Microplastics in the human digestive environment: A focus on the potential and challenges facing in vitro gut model development. Hazard Mater. 2021;5(415):125632. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125632
73. Yee MS, Hii LW, Looi CK, Lim WM, Wong SF, Kok YY, et al. Impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on humanh. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;16;11(2):496. 10.3390/nano11020496
74. Lundqvist M, Stigler J, Elia G, Lynch I, Cedervall T, Dawson KA. Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:14265–70. 10.1073/pnas.080513510
75. Tenzer S, Docter D, Kuharev J, Musyanovych A, Fetz V, Hecht R, et al., Rapid formation of plasma protein corona critically affects nanoparticle pathophysiology. Nat Nanotechnol 2013;8:772–781. 10.1038/nnano.2013.181
76. Zhang X, Wang H, Peng S, Kang J, Xie Z, Tang R, et al. Effect of microplastic on nasal and intestinal microbiota of the high-exposure population. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1005535. 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005535
77. Rodrigues ACB, de Jesus GP, Waked D, Gomes GL, Silva TM, Yariwake VY, et al. Scientific evidence about the risk of micro and nanoplastic (MNPLs) to human health and their exposure routes through the environment. Toxics. 2022;10(6):308. 10.3390/toxics10060308
78. Jiménez-Arroyo C, Tamargo A, Molinero N, Moreno-Arribas MV. The gut microbiota, a key to understanding the health implications of micro(nano)plastics and their biodegradation. Microb Biotechnol. 2023;16(1):34–53. 10.1111/1751-7915.14182
79. Li D, Shi Y, Yang L, Xiao L, Kehoe DK, Gun’ko YK, et al. Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation. Nat Food. 2020;1:746–54. 10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y
80. Song K, Ding R, Sun C, Yao L, Zhang W. Microparticles and microplastics released from daily use of plastic feeding and water bottles and plastic injectors: Potential risks to infants and children in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28(42):59813–20. 10.1007/s11356-021-14939-7
81. Segovia-Mendoza M, Nava-Castro KE, Palacios-Arreola MI, Garay-Canales C, Morales-Montor J. How microplastic components influence the immune system and impact on children health: Focus on cancer. Birth Defects Res. 2020;112(17):1341–61. 10.1002/bdr2.1779
82. Senathirajah K, Attwood S, Bhagwat G, Carbery M, Wilson S, Palanisami TJ. Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested—A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment. Hazard Mater. 2021;15;404(Pt B):124004. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124004
83. Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, Banni M, Favara C, Nicolosi I, Cristaldi A, et al. Micro-and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population. Environ Res. 2020;187:109677. 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109677
84. Shruti VC, Kutralam-Muniasamy G, Pérez-Guevara F, Roy PD, Elizalde-Martínez I. First evidence of microplastic contamination in ready-to-use packaged food ice cubes. Environ Pollut. 2023;318:120905. 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120905
85. Liang B, Zhong Y, Huang Y, Lin X, Liu J, Lin L, et al. Underestimated health risks: Polystyrene micro-and nanoplastics jointly induce intestinal barrier dysfunction by ROS-mediated epithelial cell apoptosis. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021;18:20. 10.1186/s12989-021-00414-1
86. Zhdanov VP, Cho NJ. Kinetics of the formation of a protein corona around nanoparticles. Math Biosci. 2016;282:82–90. 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.09.018
87. Samadi N, Klems M, Untersmayr E. The role of gastrointestinal permeability in food allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:168–73. 10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.010
88. Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhang F, Ren H, Zhang Y. Analysis of microplastics in human feces reveals a correlation between fecal microplastic and inflammatory bowel disease status. Environ Sci Technol. 2022; 56:141–21. 10.1021/acs.est.1c03924
89. Llorca M, Farré M. Current insights into potential effects of micro-nanoplastics on human healthby in-vitro tests. Front Toxicol. 2021;3:752140. 10.3389/ftox.2021.752140
90. Lee S, Park SK, Park H, Lee W, Lee JH, Hong YC, et al. Joint association of prenatal bisphenol-A and phthalates exposure with risk of atopic dermatitis in 6-month-old infants. Sci Total Environ. 2021;789:147953. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147953
91. Campbell CSJ, Contreras-Rojas LR, Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. Objective assessment of nanoparticle disposition in mammalian skin after topical. J Control Release. 2012;162(1):201–7. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.024
Article Sidebar
Published
Sep 1, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Urrutia-Pereira, M., Guidos-Fogelbach, G., Chong-Neto, H. J., & Solé, D. (2023). Microplastics exposure and immunologic response. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 51(5), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v51i5.834
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Urrutia-Pereira, M., Guidos-Fogelbach, G., Chong-Neto, H. J., & Solé, D. (2023). Microplastics exposure and immunologic response. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 51(5), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v51i5.834