Asthma diagnosis in infants and preschool children: a systematic review of clinical guidelines
Main Article Content
Keywords
Asthma, Diagnosis, Systematic review, Guidelines, Preschool children, Infants
Abstract
Background and aim: The definition and diagnosis of asthma are the subject of controversy that is particularly intense in the case of individuals in the first years of life, due to reasons such as the difficulty of performing objective pulmonary function tests or the high frequency with which the symptoms subside in the course of childhood. Since there is no consensus regarding the diagnosis of asthma in preschool children, a systematic review has been carried out.
Materials and methods: A systematic search was made of the clinical guidelines published in the last 10 years and containing information referred to the concept or diagnosis of asthma in childhood - including the first years of life (infants and preschool children). A series of key questions were established, and each selected guide was analyzed in search of answers to those questions. The review protocol was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), with registration number CRD42017074872.
Results: Twenty-one clinical guidelines were selected: 10 general guides (children and adults), eight pediatric guides and three guides focusing on preschool children. The immense majority accepted that asthma can be diagnosed from the first years of life, without requiring pulmonary function tests or other complementary techniques. The response to treatment and the exclusion of other alternative diagnoses are key elements for establishing the diagnosis. Only one of the guides denied the possibility of diagnosing asthma in preschool children.
Conclusions: There is generalized although not unanimous agreement that asthma can be diagnosed in preschool children.
References
1. Hargreave FE, Nair P. The definition and diagnosis of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1652-8.
2. Van Wonderen KE, Van Der Mark LB, Mohrs J, Bindels PJE, Van Aalderen WMC, Ter Riet G. Different definitions in childhood asthma: how variable is the dependent variable? Eur Respir J. 2010;36:48-56.
3. Gauthier M, Ray A, Wenzel SE. Evolving concepts of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:660-8.
4. Holgate ST. Asthma: a simple concept but in reality a complex disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41:1339-52.
5. Spycher BD, Silverman M, Kuehni CE. Phenotypes of childhood astma: are they real? Clin Exp Aller. 2010;40:1130-41.
6. Iordanidou M, Loukides S, Paraskakis E. Asthma phenotypes in children and stratified pharmacological treatment regimens. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10:293-303.
7. Bateman ED, Reddel HK, van Zyl-Smit RN, Agustí A. The asthma COPD overlap syndrome: towards a revised taxonomy of chronic airways diseases? Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:719-28.
8. Postma DS, Rabe KF. The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. N Eng J Med. 2015;373:1241-9.
9. Sin DD, Miravitlles M, Mannino DM, Soriano JB, Price D, Celli BR, et al. What is asthma-COPD overlap syndrome? Towards a consensus definition from a round table discussion. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:664-73.
10. Woodruff PG, van den Berge M, Boucher RC, Brightling C, Burchard EG, Christenson SA, et al. American Thoracic Society/National Heart, Lung And Blood Institute Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Workshop Report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:375-81.
11. Poindexter BB, Feng R, Schmidt B, Aschner JL, Ballard RA, Hamvas A, et al. Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program. Comparisons and limitations of current definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:1822-30.
12. Jobe AH, Steinhorn R. Can we define bronchopulmonary dysplasia? J Ped. 2017;188:19-23.
13. Isayama T, Lee SK, Yang J, Lee D, Daspal S, Dunn M, et al. Revisiting the definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Effect of changing panoply of respiratory support for preterm neonates. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:271-9.
14. Hines D, Modi N, Lee SK, Isayama T, Sjörs G, Gagliardi L, et al. International Network for Evaluating Outcomes (iNeo) of Neonates Scoping review shows wide variation in the definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants and calls for a consensus. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106:366-74.
15. Fernandes RM, Andrade MG, Constant C, Malveiro D, Magalhaes M, Abreu D, et al. Acute viral bronchiolitis: physician perspectives on definition and clinically important outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:724-32.
16. Dumas O, Mansbach JM, Jartti T, Hasegawa K, Sullivan AF, Piedra PA, et al. A clustering approach to identify severe bronchiolitis profiles in children. Thorax. 2016;71:712-8.
17. Hancock DG, Charles-Britton B, Dixon D-L, Forsyth KD. The heterogeneity of viral bronchiolitis: a lack of universal consensus definitions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:1234-40.
18. Cunningham S, Nair H, Campbell H. Deciphering clinical phenotypes in acute viral lower respiratory tract infection: Bronchiolitis is not an island. Thorax. 2016;71:679-80.
19. Kuzik BA. Maybe this is just asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:1531.
20. Pennington AF, Strickland MJ, Freedle KA, Klein M, Drews-Botsch C, Hansen C, et al. Evaluating early-life asthma definitions as a marker for subsequent asthma in an electronic medical record setting. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27:591-6.
21. Sonnappa S, Bastardo CM, Wade A, Saglani S, McKenzie SA, Bush A, et al. Symptom-pattern phenotype and pulmonary function in preschool wheezers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:519-26.
22. Lezmi G, Gosset P, Deschildre A, Abou-Taam R, Mahut B, Beydon N, et al. Airway remodeling in preschool children with severe recurrent wheeze. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:164-71.
23. Van Bever HP, Han E, Shek L, Yi Chng S, Goh D. An approach to preschool wheezing: to label as asthma? WAO J. 2010;3:253-7.
24. Castro-Rodriguez JA. The Asthma Predictive Index: a very useful tool for predicting asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:212-6.
25. Caudri D, Wijga A, Schipper MA, Hoekstra M, Postma D, Koppelman G, et al. Predicting the long-term prognosis of children with symptoms suggestive of asthma at preschool age. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:903-10.
26. Moral Gil L, Vizmanos Lamotte G, Praena Crespo M, Pellegrini Belinchón FJ, Torres Borrego J, Asensio de la Cruz O, et al. Diagnóstico del asma en el lactante y preescolar: resultado de una encuesta entre los miembros de los grupos de asma de SEICAP, SENP SEPEAP y AEPAP. Allergol Immunopathol Proc. 2017;5:111 http://www.seicap.es/seicap-congreso-2017 44387.pdf
27. Cave AJ, Atkinson LL. Astma in preschool children: a review of the diagnostic challenges. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27:538-48.
28. Loo J, Dell S. Asthma diagnosis criteria in adult and pediatric asthma guidelines: a systematic review. Can Respir J. 2010;17 suppl. B:14B-5B.
29. Acuna-Izcaray ˜ A, Sánchez-Angarita E, Plaza V, Rodrigo G, de Oca MM, Gich I, et al. Quality assessment of asthma clinical practice guidelines: a systematic appraisal. Chest. 2013;144:390-7.
30. Al-Moamary MS, Alhaider SA, Idrees MM, Al Ghobain MO, Zeitouni MO, Al-Harbi AS, et al. The Saudi Initiative for Asthma
- 2016 update: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma in adults and children. Ann Thorac Med. 2016;11:3-42.
31. The management asthma working group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of asthma in children and adults. Version 2.0-2009. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/asthma/ast 2 full.pdf.
32. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, Third Expert Panel on the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US); 2007 August. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7232/.
33. Comité ejecutivo de la GEMA. GEMA4.2. Guía espanola ˜ para el manejo del asma; 2017. http://www.gemasma.com/download/9174/.
34. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention; 2017. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org.
35. Kesterson SK. UMHS Asthma Guideline; March 2010. http://www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/practiceguides/asthma/asthmagdln.pdf.
36. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline; 2016. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/standards-of-care/guidelines/btssignbritish-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma/.
37. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Management of Asthma. MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 1/2008. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh web/HPP/Doctors/cpg medical/current/2008/CPG Asthma Booklet.pdf.
38. Larenas-Linnemann D, Salas-Hernández J, Vázquez-García JC, Ortiz-Aldana I, Fernández-Vega M, Del Río-Navarro BE, et al. Guía Mexicana del Asma 2017. Rev Alerg Mex. 2017;64 suppl. 1:s11-28.
39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis and monitoring of asthma in adults, children and young people. NICE guideline NG80; November 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80/evidence/fullguideline-asthma-diagnosis-and-monitoring-pdf-4656178047.
40. Diagnosis - Children section of the National Asthma Council Australia. Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 1.2. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne; 2016. Available from: http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au.
41. BCGuidelines.ca: Asthma in Children - Diagnosis and Management (2015). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/practitioner-pro/bc-guidelines/asthma-children-fullguideline.pdf.
42. Castillo Laita JA, de Benito Fernández J, Escribano Montaner A, Fernández Benítez M, García de la Rubia S, Garde Garde J, et al. Consenso sobre tratamiento del asma en pediaría. An Pediatr (Barc). 2007;67:253-73.
43. Papadopoulos NG, Arakawa H, Carlsen K-H, Custovic A, Gern J, Lemanske R, et al. International consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma. Allergy. 2012;67:976-97.
44. Bønnelykke K, Pedersen S, Rubak SLM, Schiøtz O, Bisgaard H. Astma hos børn. Ugeskr Læger. 2013;175:1863-7.
45. Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sober Asma Infantil. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Asma Infantil. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del País Vasco OSTEBA; 2014. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS. http://www.guiasalud.es/GPC/GPC 548 Asma infantil Ostebacompl.pdf.
46. Hamasaki Y, Kohno Y, Ebisawa M, Kondo N, Nishima S, Nishimuta T, et al. Japanese pediatric guideline for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma 2012. Pediatr Int. 2014;56:441-50.
47. Arakawa H, Hamasaki Y, Kohno Y, Ebisawa M, Kondo N, Nishima S, et al. Japanese guidelines for childhood asthma 2017. Allergol Int. 2017;66:190-204.
48. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, Eigenmann PA, Frischer T, Gotz M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2008;63:5-34.
49. Haute Autorité de Santé. Asthme de l’enfant de moins de 36 mois: diagnostic, prise en charge et traitement en dehors des épisodes aigus; 2009. https://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/2009-05/asthme de lenfant de moins de 36 mois -argumentaire.pdf.
50. Ducharme FM, Dell SD, Radhakrishnan D, Grad RM, Watson WT, Yang CL, et al. Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers: a Canadian Thoracic Society and Canadian Paediatric Society position paper. Can Respir J. 2015;22: 135-43.
51. Brand PL, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, Boner AL, CastroRodriguez JA, Custovic A, et al. Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J. 2008;32: 1096-110.
52. Brand PL, Caudri D, Eber E, Gaillard EA, Garcia-Marcos L, Hedlin G, et al. Classification and pharmacological treatment of preschool wheezing: changes since 2008. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1172-7.
53. Warner JO, Naspitz CK. Third International Pediatric Consensus statement on the management of childhood asthma International Pediatric Asthma Consensus Group. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998;25:1-17.
54. The Lancet. A plea to abandon asthma as a disease concept. Lancet. 2006;368:705.
55. Radhakrishnan DK, Dell SD, Guttmann A, Shariff SZ, Liu K, To T. Trends in the age of diagnosis of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:1057-62.
56. Luo G, Nkoy FL, Stone BL, Schmick D, Johnson MD. A systematic review of predictive models for asthma development in children. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2015;15:99.
57. Smit HA, Pinart M, Anto JM, Keil T, Bousquet J, Carlsen KH, et al. Childhood asthma prediction models: a systematic review. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:973-84.
58. Raywood E, Lum S, Aurora P, Pike K. The bronchodilator response in preschool children: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1242-50.
59. Busi LE, Restuccia S, Tourres R, Sly PD. Assessing bronchodilator response in preschool children using spirometry. Thorax. 2017;72:367-72.
60. Marín de Vicente C, de Mir Messa I, Rovira Amigo S, Torrent Vernetta A, Gartner S, Iglesias Serrano I, et al. Validación de las ecuaciones propuestas por la Iniciativa Global de Función Pulmonar (GLI) y las de Todas las Edades para espirometría forzada en preescolares sanos espanoles. ˜ Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:24-30.
61. Murray C, Foden P, Lowe L, Durrington H, Custovic A, Simpson A. Diagnosis of asthma in symptomatic children based on measures of lung function: an analysis of data from a population-based birth cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1: 114-23.
62. Bisgaard H, Bonnelykke K. Long-term studies of the natural history of asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:187-97.
63. Fuchs O, Bahmer T, Rabe KF, von Mutius E. Asthma transition from childhood into adulthood. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5:224-34.
64. Pavord ID, Beasley R, Agusti A, Anderson GP, Bel E, Brusselle G, et al. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. Lancet. 2018;391:350-400.
65. Just J, Bourgoin-Heck M, Amat F. Clinical phenotypes in asthma during childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:848-55.
66. Fitzpatrick AM, Jackson DJ, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Phipatanakul W, Sheehan WJ, et al. Individualized therapy for persistent asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138:1608-18.
67. Raissy H, Blake K. Personalized medicine in preschool children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2017;30:260-2.
68. Douglas LC, Feder KJ. RAD: reactive airways disease or really asthma disease? Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20160625.
2. Van Wonderen KE, Van Der Mark LB, Mohrs J, Bindels PJE, Van Aalderen WMC, Ter Riet G. Different definitions in childhood asthma: how variable is the dependent variable? Eur Respir J. 2010;36:48-56.
3. Gauthier M, Ray A, Wenzel SE. Evolving concepts of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:660-8.
4. Holgate ST. Asthma: a simple concept but in reality a complex disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41:1339-52.
5. Spycher BD, Silverman M, Kuehni CE. Phenotypes of childhood astma: are they real? Clin Exp Aller. 2010;40:1130-41.
6. Iordanidou M, Loukides S, Paraskakis E. Asthma phenotypes in children and stratified pharmacological treatment regimens. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10:293-303.
7. Bateman ED, Reddel HK, van Zyl-Smit RN, Agustí A. The asthma COPD overlap syndrome: towards a revised taxonomy of chronic airways diseases? Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:719-28.
8. Postma DS, Rabe KF. The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. N Eng J Med. 2015;373:1241-9.
9. Sin DD, Miravitlles M, Mannino DM, Soriano JB, Price D, Celli BR, et al. What is asthma-COPD overlap syndrome? Towards a consensus definition from a round table discussion. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:664-73.
10. Woodruff PG, van den Berge M, Boucher RC, Brightling C, Burchard EG, Christenson SA, et al. American Thoracic Society/National Heart, Lung And Blood Institute Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Workshop Report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:375-81.
11. Poindexter BB, Feng R, Schmidt B, Aschner JL, Ballard RA, Hamvas A, et al. Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program. Comparisons and limitations of current definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:1822-30.
12. Jobe AH, Steinhorn R. Can we define bronchopulmonary dysplasia? J Ped. 2017;188:19-23.
13. Isayama T, Lee SK, Yang J, Lee D, Daspal S, Dunn M, et al. Revisiting the definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Effect of changing panoply of respiratory support for preterm neonates. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:271-9.
14. Hines D, Modi N, Lee SK, Isayama T, Sjörs G, Gagliardi L, et al. International Network for Evaluating Outcomes (iNeo) of Neonates Scoping review shows wide variation in the definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants and calls for a consensus. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106:366-74.
15. Fernandes RM, Andrade MG, Constant C, Malveiro D, Magalhaes M, Abreu D, et al. Acute viral bronchiolitis: physician perspectives on definition and clinically important outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:724-32.
16. Dumas O, Mansbach JM, Jartti T, Hasegawa K, Sullivan AF, Piedra PA, et al. A clustering approach to identify severe bronchiolitis profiles in children. Thorax. 2016;71:712-8.
17. Hancock DG, Charles-Britton B, Dixon D-L, Forsyth KD. The heterogeneity of viral bronchiolitis: a lack of universal consensus definitions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:1234-40.
18. Cunningham S, Nair H, Campbell H. Deciphering clinical phenotypes in acute viral lower respiratory tract infection: Bronchiolitis is not an island. Thorax. 2016;71:679-80.
19. Kuzik BA. Maybe this is just asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:1531.
20. Pennington AF, Strickland MJ, Freedle KA, Klein M, Drews-Botsch C, Hansen C, et al. Evaluating early-life asthma definitions as a marker for subsequent asthma in an electronic medical record setting. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016;27:591-6.
21. Sonnappa S, Bastardo CM, Wade A, Saglani S, McKenzie SA, Bush A, et al. Symptom-pattern phenotype and pulmonary function in preschool wheezers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:519-26.
22. Lezmi G, Gosset P, Deschildre A, Abou-Taam R, Mahut B, Beydon N, et al. Airway remodeling in preschool children with severe recurrent wheeze. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:164-71.
23. Van Bever HP, Han E, Shek L, Yi Chng S, Goh D. An approach to preschool wheezing: to label as asthma? WAO J. 2010;3:253-7.
24. Castro-Rodriguez JA. The Asthma Predictive Index: a very useful tool for predicting asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:212-6.
25. Caudri D, Wijga A, Schipper MA, Hoekstra M, Postma D, Koppelman G, et al. Predicting the long-term prognosis of children with symptoms suggestive of asthma at preschool age. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:903-10.
26. Moral Gil L, Vizmanos Lamotte G, Praena Crespo M, Pellegrini Belinchón FJ, Torres Borrego J, Asensio de la Cruz O, et al. Diagnóstico del asma en el lactante y preescolar: resultado de una encuesta entre los miembros de los grupos de asma de SEICAP, SENP SEPEAP y AEPAP. Allergol Immunopathol Proc. 2017;5:111 http://www.seicap.es/seicap-congreso-2017 44387.pdf
27. Cave AJ, Atkinson LL. Astma in preschool children: a review of the diagnostic challenges. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27:538-48.
28. Loo J, Dell S. Asthma diagnosis criteria in adult and pediatric asthma guidelines: a systematic review. Can Respir J. 2010;17 suppl. B:14B-5B.
29. Acuna-Izcaray ˜ A, Sánchez-Angarita E, Plaza V, Rodrigo G, de Oca MM, Gich I, et al. Quality assessment of asthma clinical practice guidelines: a systematic appraisal. Chest. 2013;144:390-7.
30. Al-Moamary MS, Alhaider SA, Idrees MM, Al Ghobain MO, Zeitouni MO, Al-Harbi AS, et al. The Saudi Initiative for Asthma
- 2016 update: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma in adults and children. Ann Thorac Med. 2016;11:3-42.
31. The management asthma working group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of asthma in children and adults. Version 2.0-2009. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/asthma/ast 2 full.pdf.
32. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, Third Expert Panel on the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US); 2007 August. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7232/.
33. Comité ejecutivo de la GEMA. GEMA4.2. Guía espanola ˜ para el manejo del asma; 2017. http://www.gemasma.com/download/9174/.
34. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention; 2017. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org.
35. Kesterson SK. UMHS Asthma Guideline; March 2010. http://www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/practiceguides/asthma/asthmagdln.pdf.
36. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline; 2016. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/standards-of-care/guidelines/btssignbritish-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma/.
37. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Management of Asthma. MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 1/2008. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh web/HPP/Doctors/cpg medical/current/2008/CPG Asthma Booklet.pdf.
38. Larenas-Linnemann D, Salas-Hernández J, Vázquez-García JC, Ortiz-Aldana I, Fernández-Vega M, Del Río-Navarro BE, et al. Guía Mexicana del Asma 2017. Rev Alerg Mex. 2017;64 suppl. 1:s11-28.
39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis and monitoring of asthma in adults, children and young people. NICE guideline NG80; November 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80/evidence/fullguideline-asthma-diagnosis-and-monitoring-pdf-4656178047.
40. Diagnosis - Children section of the National Asthma Council Australia. Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 1.2. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne; 2016. Available from: http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au.
41. BCGuidelines.ca: Asthma in Children - Diagnosis and Management (2015). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/practitioner-pro/bc-guidelines/asthma-children-fullguideline.pdf.
42. Castillo Laita JA, de Benito Fernández J, Escribano Montaner A, Fernández Benítez M, García de la Rubia S, Garde Garde J, et al. Consenso sobre tratamiento del asma en pediaría. An Pediatr (Barc). 2007;67:253-73.
43. Papadopoulos NG, Arakawa H, Carlsen K-H, Custovic A, Gern J, Lemanske R, et al. International consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma. Allergy. 2012;67:976-97.
44. Bønnelykke K, Pedersen S, Rubak SLM, Schiøtz O, Bisgaard H. Astma hos børn. Ugeskr Læger. 2013;175:1863-7.
45. Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sober Asma Infantil. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Asma Infantil. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del País Vasco OSTEBA; 2014. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS. http://www.guiasalud.es/GPC/GPC 548 Asma infantil Ostebacompl.pdf.
46. Hamasaki Y, Kohno Y, Ebisawa M, Kondo N, Nishima S, Nishimuta T, et al. Japanese pediatric guideline for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma 2012. Pediatr Int. 2014;56:441-50.
47. Arakawa H, Hamasaki Y, Kohno Y, Ebisawa M, Kondo N, Nishima S, et al. Japanese guidelines for childhood asthma 2017. Allergol Int. 2017;66:190-204.
48. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, Eigenmann PA, Frischer T, Gotz M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2008;63:5-34.
49. Haute Autorité de Santé. Asthme de l’enfant de moins de 36 mois: diagnostic, prise en charge et traitement en dehors des épisodes aigus; 2009. https://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/2009-05/asthme de lenfant de moins de 36 mois -argumentaire.pdf.
50. Ducharme FM, Dell SD, Radhakrishnan D, Grad RM, Watson WT, Yang CL, et al. Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers: a Canadian Thoracic Society and Canadian Paediatric Society position paper. Can Respir J. 2015;22: 135-43.
51. Brand PL, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, Boner AL, CastroRodriguez JA, Custovic A, et al. Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J. 2008;32: 1096-110.
52. Brand PL, Caudri D, Eber E, Gaillard EA, Garcia-Marcos L, Hedlin G, et al. Classification and pharmacological treatment of preschool wheezing: changes since 2008. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1172-7.
53. Warner JO, Naspitz CK. Third International Pediatric Consensus statement on the management of childhood asthma International Pediatric Asthma Consensus Group. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998;25:1-17.
54. The Lancet. A plea to abandon asthma as a disease concept. Lancet. 2006;368:705.
55. Radhakrishnan DK, Dell SD, Guttmann A, Shariff SZ, Liu K, To T. Trends in the age of diagnosis of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:1057-62.
56. Luo G, Nkoy FL, Stone BL, Schmick D, Johnson MD. A systematic review of predictive models for asthma development in children. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2015;15:99.
57. Smit HA, Pinart M, Anto JM, Keil T, Bousquet J, Carlsen KH, et al. Childhood asthma prediction models: a systematic review. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:973-84.
58. Raywood E, Lum S, Aurora P, Pike K. The bronchodilator response in preschool children: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1242-50.
59. Busi LE, Restuccia S, Tourres R, Sly PD. Assessing bronchodilator response in preschool children using spirometry. Thorax. 2017;72:367-72.
60. Marín de Vicente C, de Mir Messa I, Rovira Amigo S, Torrent Vernetta A, Gartner S, Iglesias Serrano I, et al. Validación de las ecuaciones propuestas por la Iniciativa Global de Función Pulmonar (GLI) y las de Todas las Edades para espirometría forzada en preescolares sanos espanoles. ˜ Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54:24-30.
61. Murray C, Foden P, Lowe L, Durrington H, Custovic A, Simpson A. Diagnosis of asthma in symptomatic children based on measures of lung function: an analysis of data from a population-based birth cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1: 114-23.
62. Bisgaard H, Bonnelykke K. Long-term studies of the natural history of asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:187-97.
63. Fuchs O, Bahmer T, Rabe KF, von Mutius E. Asthma transition from childhood into adulthood. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5:224-34.
64. Pavord ID, Beasley R, Agusti A, Anderson GP, Bel E, Brusselle G, et al. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. Lancet. 2018;391:350-400.
65. Just J, Bourgoin-Heck M, Amat F. Clinical phenotypes in asthma during childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:848-55.
66. Fitzpatrick AM, Jackson DJ, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Phipatanakul W, Sheehan WJ, et al. Individualized therapy for persistent asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138:1608-18.
67. Raissy H, Blake K. Personalized medicine in preschool children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2017;30:260-2.
68. Douglas LC, Feder KJ. RAD: reactive airways disease or really asthma disease? Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20160625.
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 15, 2019
Article Details
How to Cite
Moral, L., Vizmanos, G., Torres-Borrego, J., Praena-Crespo, M., Tortajada-Girbés, M., Pellegrini, F., & Asensio, Ó. (2019). Asthma diagnosis in infants and preschool children: a systematic review of clinical guidelines. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 47(2), 107-121. https://all-imm.com/index.php/aei/article/view/332
Issue
Section
Original Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Moral, L., Vizmanos, G., Torres-Borrego, J., Praena-Crespo, M., Tortajada-Girbés, M., Pellegrini, F., & Asensio, Ó. (2019). Asthma diagnosis in infants and preschool children: a systematic review of clinical guidelines. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 47(2), 107-121. https://all-imm.com/index.php/aei/article/view/332