Mycoplasma pneumoniae and toll-like receptors: A mutual avenue
Main Article Content
Keywords
Toll-like receptor, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Complications
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium leading to several complications in humans. M. pneumoniae is cleared in some cases and induces complications in others. The main responsible mechanisms regarding the controversy are yet to be cleared. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the important cell membrane and intracellular receptors which recognize a wide range of microbial macromolecules. The roles of TLRs in the eradication of several pathogens and also induction of their related complications have been demonstrated. This review article presents recent data about the roles of TLRs in the induction of immune responses which lead to M. pneumoniae eradication and related complications.
References
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13. Bagheri V, Askari A, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. Can tolllike receptor (TLR) 2 be considered as a new target for immunotherapy against hepatitis B infection? Human Immunol. 2014;75:549-54.
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15. Marinelli C, Di Liddo R, Facci L, Bertalot T, Conconi MT, Zusso M, et al. Ligand engagement of Toll-like receptors regulates their expression in cortical microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroinflam. 2015;12:244.
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20. Wu Q, Martin RJ, Lafasto S, Efaw BJ, Rino JG, Harbeck RJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 down-regulation in established mouse allergic lungs contributes to decreased mycoplasma clearance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:720---9. Epub 2008/01/19.
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24. Shao L, Cong Z, Li X, Zou H, Cao L, Guo Y. Changes in levels of IL-9, IL-17. IFN-gamma, dendritic cell numbers and TLR expression in peripheral blood in asthmatic children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:5263-72. Epub 2015/07/21.
25. Steib CJ, Schewe J, Gerbes AL. Infection as a trigger for portal hypertension. Digest Dis. 2015;33:570-6.
26. Lima-Neto L, Hirata R, Luchessi A, Silbiger V, Cavichioli D, Dos Santos E, et al. Chlamydophila pneumonia and increased TLR4 gene expression in leukocytes are associated with acute myocardial infarction. J Biol Regulat Homeost Agent. 2013;28:449-60.
27. Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:697-728.
28. Shimizu T, Kimura Y, Kida Y, Kuwano K, Tachibana M, Hashino M, et al. Cytadherence of Mycoplasma pneumonia induces inflammatory responses through autophagy and toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun. 2014;82:3076-86.
29. Lee KE, Kim KW, Hong JY, Kim KE, Sohn MH. Modulation of IL-8 boosted by Mycoplasma pneumoniae lysate in human airway epithelial cells. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33:1117-25. Epub 2013/06/20.
30. Chmura K, Bai X, Nakamura M, Kandasamy P, McGibney M, Kuronuma K, et al. Induction of IL-8 by Mycoplasma pneumonia membrane in BEAS-2B cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295:L220-30. Epub 2008/05/20.
31. Choi SY, Lim JW, Shimizu T, Kuwano K, Kim JM, Kim H. Reactive oxygen species mediate Jak2/Stat3 activation and IL-8 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells stimulated with lipid-associated membrane proteins from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Inflamm Res. 2012;61:493-501. Epub 2012/01/25.
32. Kandasamy P, Zarini S, Chan ED, Leslie CC, Murphy RC, Voelker DR. Pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylglycerol inhibits Mycoplasma pneumoniae-stimulated eicosanoid production from human and mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:7841-53. Epub 2011/01/06.
33. Kraft M, Adler KB, Ingram JL, Crews AL, Atkinson TP, Cairns CB, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces airway epithelial cell expression of MUC5AC in asthma. Eur Resp J. 2008;31:43-6. Epub 2008/01/02.
34. Chu HW, Jeyaseelan S, Rino JG, Voelker DR, Wexler RB, Campbell K, et al. TLR2 signaling is critical for Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced airway mucin expression. J Immunol. 2005;174:5713-9.
35. Wu Q, Martin RJ, Rino JG, Jeyaseelan S, Breed R, Chu HW. A deficient TLR2 signaling promotes airway mucin production in Mycoplasma pneumoniae-infected allergic mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292:L1064-72. Epub 2006/12/30.
36. Shimizu T, Kida Y, Kuwano K. Triacylated lipoproteins derived from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activate nuclear factor-B through toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Immunology. 2007;121:473-83.
37. Chu HW, Campbell JA, Rino JG, Harbeck RJ, Martin RJ. Inhaled fluticasone propionate reduces concentration of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in lungs of mice. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1119-27. Epub 2004/03/05.
38. Fan Q, Meng J, Li P, Liu Z, Sun Y, Yan P. Pathogenesis and association of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with cardiac and hepatic damage. Microbiol Immunol. 2015;59:375-80. Epub 2015/05/27.
39. Gally F, Minor MN, Smith SK, Case SR, Chu HW. Heat shock factor 1 protects against lung Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in mice. J Innate Immun. 2011;4:59-68.
40. Into T, Dohkan J, Inomata M, Nakashima M, Shibata K, Matsushita K. Synthesis and characterization of a dipalmitoylated lipopeptide derived from paralogous lipoproteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2007;75:2253-9. Epub 2007/02/28.
41. Fang X, Liu X, Meng C, Fu Y, Wang X, Li B, et al. Breed-linked polymorphisms of porcine toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 and the primary investigation on their relationship with prevention against Mycoplasma pneumoniae and bacterial LPS challenge. Immunogenetics. 2013;65: 829-34.
42. Chaudhry R, Ghosh A, Chandolia A. Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: an update. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2016;34:7-16. Epub 2016/01/19.
2. Edward D, Freundt E. Proposal for classifying organisms related to Mycoplasma laidlawii in a family Sapromycetaceae, genus Sapromyces, within the Mycoplasmatales. Microbiology. 1969;57:391-5.
3. Hardy RD, Jafri HS, Olsen K, Hatfield J, Iglehart J, Rogers BB, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces chronic respiratory infection, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary inflammation: a murine model of infection-associated chronic reactive airway disease. Infect Immun. 2002;70:649-54. Epub 2002/01/18.
4. Defilippi A, Silvestri M, Tacchella A, Giacchino R, Melioli G, Di Marco E, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children. Respir Med. 2008;102:1762-8. Epub 2008/08/16.
5. Saraya T, Kurai D, Nakagaki K, Sasaki Y, Niwa S, Tsukagoshi H, et al. Novel aspects on the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and therapeutic implications. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:410. Epub 2014/08/27.
6. Waites KB, Balish MF, Atkinson TP. New insights into the pathogenesis and detection of Mycoplasma pneumonia infections. Future Microbiol. 2008;3:635-48.
7. Shimizu T. Inflammation-inducing factors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:414. Epub 2016/04/12.
8. Chiba H, Pattanajitvilai S, Mitsuzawa H, Kuroki Y, Evans A, Voelker DR. Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D recognize lipid ligands on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and markedly augment the innate immune response to the organism. Chest. 2003;123 3 Suppl.:426S. Epub 2003/03/12.
9. Karimi-Googheri M, Arababadi MK. TLR3 plays significant roles against hepatitis B virus. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41:3279-86.
10. Zare-Bidaki M, Hakimi H, Abdollahi SH, Zainodini N, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. TLR4 in toxoplasmosis; friends or foe? Microb Pathog. 2014;69-70:28---32.
11. Shahrakyvahed A, Sanchooli J, Sanadgol N, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. TLR9: an important molecule in the fight against hepatitis B virus. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90:396-401. Epub 2014/06/20.
12. Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Alavian SM, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. The link between TLR7 signaling and hepatitis B virus infection. Life Sci. 2016;158:63-9.
13. Bagheri V, Askari A, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. Can tolllike receptor (TLR) 2 be considered as a new target for immunotherapy against hepatitis B infection? Human Immunol. 2014;75:549-54.
14. Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Nasiri AA, Kohan F. Toll-like receptor 2 and type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2016;21:2.
15. Marinelli C, Di Liddo R, Facci L, Bertalot T, Conconi MT, Zusso M, et al. Ligand engagement of Toll-like receptors regulates their expression in cortical microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroinflam. 2015;12:244.
16. Premkumar V, Dey M, Dorn R, Raskin I. MyD88-dependent and independent pathways of toll-like receptors are engaged in biological activity of triptolide in ligand-stimulated macrophages. BMC Chem Biol. 2010;10:3. Epub 2010/04/14.
17. Thaikoottathil J, Chu HW. MAPK/AP-1 activation mediates TLR2 agonist-induced SPLUNC1 expression in human lung epithelial cells. Mol Immunol. 2011;49:415-22. Epub 2011/09/09.
18. Chu HW, Gally F, Thaikoottathil J, Janssen-Heininger YM, Wu Q, Zhang G, et al. SPLUNC1 regulation in airway epithelial cells: role of toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Respir Res. 2010;11:155. Epub 2010/11/09.
19. Wu Q, Jiang D, Minor MN, Martin RJ, Chu HW. In vivo function of airway epithelial TLR2 in host defense against bacterial infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011;300:L579-86. Epub 2011/01/18.
20. Wu Q, Martin RJ, Lafasto S, Efaw BJ, Rino JG, Harbeck RJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 down-regulation in established mouse allergic lungs contributes to decreased mycoplasma clearance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:720---9. Epub 2008/01/19.
21. Shimizu T, Kida Y, Kuwano K. A dipalmitoylated lipoprotein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activates NF-B through TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6. J Immunol. 2005;175:4641-6.
22. Lai JF, Zindl CL, Duffy LB, Atkinson TP, Jung YW, Van Rooijen N, et al. Critical role of macrophages and their activation via MyD88-NFB signaling in lung innate immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e14417.
23. Fan Q, Gu T, Li P, Yan P, Chen D, Han B. Roles of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain genes and toll-like receptors in Wheezy children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Heart Lung Circ. 2016;25:1226-31. Epub 2016/10/27.
24. Shao L, Cong Z, Li X, Zou H, Cao L, Guo Y. Changes in levels of IL-9, IL-17. IFN-gamma, dendritic cell numbers and TLR expression in peripheral blood in asthmatic children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:5263-72. Epub 2015/07/21.
25. Steib CJ, Schewe J, Gerbes AL. Infection as a trigger for portal hypertension. Digest Dis. 2015;33:570-6.
26. Lima-Neto L, Hirata R, Luchessi A, Silbiger V, Cavichioli D, Dos Santos E, et al. Chlamydophila pneumonia and increased TLR4 gene expression in leukocytes are associated with acute myocardial infarction. J Biol Regulat Homeost Agent. 2013;28:449-60.
27. Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:697-728.
28. Shimizu T, Kimura Y, Kida Y, Kuwano K, Tachibana M, Hashino M, et al. Cytadherence of Mycoplasma pneumonia induces inflammatory responses through autophagy and toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun. 2014;82:3076-86.
29. Lee KE, Kim KW, Hong JY, Kim KE, Sohn MH. Modulation of IL-8 boosted by Mycoplasma pneumoniae lysate in human airway epithelial cells. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33:1117-25. Epub 2013/06/20.
30. Chmura K, Bai X, Nakamura M, Kandasamy P, McGibney M, Kuronuma K, et al. Induction of IL-8 by Mycoplasma pneumonia membrane in BEAS-2B cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295:L220-30. Epub 2008/05/20.
31. Choi SY, Lim JW, Shimizu T, Kuwano K, Kim JM, Kim H. Reactive oxygen species mediate Jak2/Stat3 activation and IL-8 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells stimulated with lipid-associated membrane proteins from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Inflamm Res. 2012;61:493-501. Epub 2012/01/25.
32. Kandasamy P, Zarini S, Chan ED, Leslie CC, Murphy RC, Voelker DR. Pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylglycerol inhibits Mycoplasma pneumoniae-stimulated eicosanoid production from human and mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:7841-53. Epub 2011/01/06.
33. Kraft M, Adler KB, Ingram JL, Crews AL, Atkinson TP, Cairns CB, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces airway epithelial cell expression of MUC5AC in asthma. Eur Resp J. 2008;31:43-6. Epub 2008/01/02.
34. Chu HW, Jeyaseelan S, Rino JG, Voelker DR, Wexler RB, Campbell K, et al. TLR2 signaling is critical for Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced airway mucin expression. J Immunol. 2005;174:5713-9.
35. Wu Q, Martin RJ, Rino JG, Jeyaseelan S, Breed R, Chu HW. A deficient TLR2 signaling promotes airway mucin production in Mycoplasma pneumoniae-infected allergic mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292:L1064-72. Epub 2006/12/30.
36. Shimizu T, Kida Y, Kuwano K. Triacylated lipoproteins derived from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activate nuclear factor-B through toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Immunology. 2007;121:473-83.
37. Chu HW, Campbell JA, Rino JG, Harbeck RJ, Martin RJ. Inhaled fluticasone propionate reduces concentration of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in lungs of mice. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1119-27. Epub 2004/03/05.
38. Fan Q, Meng J, Li P, Liu Z, Sun Y, Yan P. Pathogenesis and association of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with cardiac and hepatic damage. Microbiol Immunol. 2015;59:375-80. Epub 2015/05/27.
39. Gally F, Minor MN, Smith SK, Case SR, Chu HW. Heat shock factor 1 protects against lung Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in mice. J Innate Immun. 2011;4:59-68.
40. Into T, Dohkan J, Inomata M, Nakashima M, Shibata K, Matsushita K. Synthesis and characterization of a dipalmitoylated lipopeptide derived from paralogous lipoproteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2007;75:2253-9. Epub 2007/02/28.
41. Fang X, Liu X, Meng C, Fu Y, Wang X, Li B, et al. Breed-linked polymorphisms of porcine toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 and the primary investigation on their relationship with prevention against Mycoplasma pneumoniae and bacterial LPS challenge. Immunogenetics. 2013;65: 829-34.
42. Chaudhry R, Ghosh A, Chandolia A. Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: an update. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2016;34:7-16. Epub 2016/01/19.
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Oct 15, 2018
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Naghib, M., Hatam-Jahromi, M., Niktab, M., Ahmadi, R., & Kariminik, A. (2018). Mycoplasma pneumoniae and toll-like receptors: A mutual avenue. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 46(5), 508-513. https://all-imm.com/index.php/aei/article/view/381
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How to Cite
Naghib, M., Hatam-Jahromi, M., Niktab, M., Ahmadi, R., & Kariminik, A. (2018). Mycoplasma pneumoniae and toll-like receptors: A mutual avenue. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 46(5), 508-513. https://all-imm.com/index.php/aei/article/view/381