Three-year pollen and fungi calendar in a Mediterranean region of the Northeast Greece
Main Article Content
Keywords
allergic disease, Mediterranean, pollen calendar, pollens and fungi, seasonal trends
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: Pollen calendars have been proved clinically important in allergic disease management, as differences in airborne allergens exist not only between different countries but also between regions of the same country as well. This study aims to provide new data regarding the atmospheric pollen and fungi content of a Mediterranean region (Western Thrace/North-East Greece) and discuss seasonal trends, differences in pollen grains and fungi spores’ circulation over the years, and correlations with climate parameters.
Material and methods: A 7-day continuously running volumetric trap was used to collect circulating pollen grains and fungi spores. Pollen taxa and fungi were characterized by standard protocols and counted as grains /m3 and average total grains and spores. The primary allergenic pollen season was discovered, and their 10-day averages were measured over time. Correlations with temperature, rain, and humidity were assessed by single linear regression analysis.
Results: Pollen grains from nine pollen families were identified, including five arboreal, two nonarboreal taxa, and spores from two fungi species. The three most prevalent taxa were Oleaceae, Poaceae, Pinaceae, and Cladosporium in the fungi. Peak pollen concentrations were detected during April and May, with daily averages exceeding 170 grains/m3. Poaceae presented the longest pollen season of 342 days and Oleaceae the shortest, extending to only 110 days, during the 3years. Cladosporium was the fungus with the highest spore concentration (180,129.9 spores) compared with Alternaria (28,026.1 spores). Correlations with meteorological parameters showed variable associations among different taxa, with rainfall and relative humidity being the most significant determinants.
Conclusion: In this study, the pollenic and fungal spectrum of a Mediterranean region and information that can be proved clinically significant for the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approach of allergic patients was presented.
References
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24. Katotomichelakis M, Nikolaidis C, Makris M, Proimos E, Aggelides X, Constantinidis TC, et al. Alternaria and Cladosporium calendar of Western Thrace: Relationship with allergic rhinitis symptoms. Laryngoscope. 2016;126: E51–56. 10.1002/lary.25594
25. Grant Smith E. Sampling and identifying allergenic pollens and molds. An Illustrated Manual for Physicians and Lab Technicians. San Antonio, TX: Blewstone Press; 1984.
26. Caulton E, Lacey ME, Allitt U, Crosby R, Emberlin J, Hirst J.M. Airborne pollens and spores: A guide to trapping and counting. Rotherham: British Aerobiological Federation; 1995.
27. Rodrıguez-de la Cruz D, Sanchez-Reyes E, Davila-Gonzalez I, Lorente-Toleano F, Sanvhez-Sanchez J. Airborne pollen calendar of Salamanca, Spain, 2000–2007. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2010;38:307–12. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.04.001
28. Perez-Badia R, Rapp A, Morales C, Sardinero S, Galan C, Garcia-Mozo H. Pollen spectrum and risk of pollen allergy in central Spain. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2010;17:139–151. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20684492/
29. Gucel S, Guvensen A, Ozturk M, Celik A. Analysis of airborne pollen fall in Nicosia (Cyprus). Environ Monit Assess. 2013;185:157–69. 10.1007/s10661-012-2540-1
30. Bousquet J, Cour P, Guerin B, Michel F. Allergy in the Mediterranean area. I. Pollen counts and pollinosis of Montpellier. Clin Allergy. 1984;14:249–58. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02204.x
31. Spieksma F. Regional European pollen calendars. In: D’Amato G, Spieksma FT, Bonini S, editors. Allergenic pollen and pollinosis in Europe. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991, p. 49–65.
32. Emberlin J, Mullins J, Corden J, Jones S, Millington W, Brooke M, et al. Regional variations in grass pollen seasons in the UK, long-term trends and forecast models. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:347–56. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00369.x
33. Oh J, Lee H, Kang I, Kim S-W, Park K-S, Kook M-H, et al. The revised edition of Korean calendar for allergenic pollens. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4:5–11. 10.4168/aair.2012.4.1.5
34. Kosisky S, Marks M, Nelson M. Pollen aeroallergens in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area: A 10-year volumetric survey (1998–2007). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104:223–35. 10.1016/j.anai.2010.01.005
35. Hoffmann T, Şahin A, Aggelidis X, Arasi S, Barbalace A, Bourgoin A, et al. “Whole” vs. “fragmented” approach to EAACI pollen season definitions: A multicenter study in six Southern European cities. Allergy. 2020;75:1659–71. 10.1111/all.14153
36. Grant-Smith E. Sampling and identifying allergenic pollens and molds. San Antonio, TX: Blewstone Press; 1990.
37. Rojo J, Rapp A, Lara B, Sabariego S, Fernández-González F, Pérez-Badia R. Characterization of the airborne pollen spectrum in Guadalajara (central Spain) and estimation of the potential allergy risk. Environ Monit Assess. 2016;188:130. 10.1007/s10661-016-5129-2
38. Reyes E, de la Cruz D, Merino M, Sanchez J. Meteorological and agricultural effects on airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores and clinical aspects in Valladolid (Spain). Ann Agric Environ Med 2009;16:53–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19572478/
39. Erkara I, Asan A, Yilmaz V, Pehlivan S, Okten S. Airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium species and relationship with meteorological conditions in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 2008;144:31–41. 10.1007/s10661-007-9939-0
40. Katial R, Zhang Y, Jones R, Dyer P. Atmospheric mold spore counts in relation to meteorological parameters. Int J Biometeorol. 1997;41:17–21. 10.1007/s004840050048
41. Oliveira M, Ribeiro H, Abreu I. Annual variation of fungal spores in atmosphere of Porto: 2003. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005;12:309–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16457491/
42. Sabariego S, Diaz de la Guardia C, Alba F. [Aerobiological study of Alternaria and Cladosporium conidia in the atmosphere of Almeria (SE Spain)]. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2004;21:121–27. Spanish. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15709785/
43. Douladiris N, Savvatianos S, Roumpedaki I, Skevaki C, Mitsias D, Papadopoulos N. A molecular diagnostic algorithm to guide pollen immunotherapy in southern Europe: towards component-resolved management of allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:163–72. 10.1159/000353113
2. Nikolaidis C, Katotomichelakis M, Nena E, Makris M, Tsakas M, Michopoulos I, et al. Seasonal variations of allergenic pollen in a Mediterranean region-Alexandroupolis, north-east Greece. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22:685–9. 10.5604/12321966.1185776
3. D’Amato G, Cecchi L, Bonini S, Nunes C, Annesi-Maesano I, Behrendt H, et al. Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe. Allergy. 2007;62:976–90. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01393.x
4. Sibbald B, Strachan D. Epidemiology of rhinitis. In: Busse W, Holgate ST, editors. Mechanisms in asthma and rhinitis: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1994. p. 32–43.
5. Raulf M, Buters J, Chapman M, Cecchi L, de Blay F, Doekes G, et al. Monitoring of occupational and environmental aeroallergens-EAACI Position Paper. Concerted action of the EAACI IG Occupational Allergy and Aerobiology & Air Pollution. Allergy. 2014;69:1280–99. 10.1111/all.12456
6. Cecchi L, D’Amato G, Ayres JG, Galan G, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, et al. Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: The contribution of aerobiology. Allergy. 2010;65:1073–1081. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02423.x
7. Makris M, Koulouris S, Koti I, Aggelides X, Sideri K, Chliva C, et al. Temporal relationship of allergic rhinitis with asthma and other co-morbidities in a Mediterranean country: A retrospective study in a tertiary reference allergy clinic. Allergol Immunopathol. 2010;38:246–53. 10.1016/j.aller.2009.11.007
8. Smith M, Jager S, Berger U, Sikoparija B, Hallsdottir M, Sauliene I, et al. Geographic and temporal variations in pollen exposure across Europe. Allergy. 2014;69:913–23. 10.1111/all.12419
9. Ribeiro H, Oliveira M, Ribeiro N, Cruz A, Ferreira A, Machado H, et al. Pollen allergenic potential nature of some trees species: A multidisciplinary approach using aerobiological, immunochemical and hospital admissions data. Environ Res. 2009;109:328–33.10.1016/j.envres.2008.11.008
10. Katotomichelakis M, Nikolaidis C, Makris M, Zhang N, Aggelides X, Constantinidis TC, et al. The clinical significance of the pollen calendar of the Western Thrace/northeast Greece region in allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5:1156–63. 10.1002/alr.21623
11. Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Mullol J, Scadding G., Virchow J. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Allergy. 2007;62(Suppl 85):S17–25. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01549.x
12. Greiner A, Hellings P, Rotiroti G, Scadding G. Allergic rhinitis. Lancet. 2011;378:2112–22. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60130-X
13. Bhattacharyya N. Functional limitations and work-days lost associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26:120–2. 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3752
14. Bousquet J, Burney PG, Zuberbier T, Cauwenberge PV, Akdis CA, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. GA2LEN (Global Allergy and Asthma European Network) addresses the allergy and asthma “epidemic”. Allergy. 2009;64:969–77. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02059.x
15. Sung M, Kim SW, Kim JH, Lim DH. Regional difference of causative pollen in children with allergic rhinitis. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32:926–32. 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.6.926
16. Silverberg J, Braunstein M, Lee-Wong M. Association between climate factors, pollen counts, and childhood hay fever prevalence in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:463–9. 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.003
17. de Weger L, Bergmann KC, Rantio-Lehtimäki A, Dahl Å, Buters J, Déchamp C, et al. Impact of pollen. In: Sofiev M, Bergmann KC, editors. Allergenic pollen: A review of the production, release, distribution and health impacts. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013. p. 161–215.
18. D’Amato G, Spieksma F, Liccardi G, Jäger S, Russo M, Kontou-Fili K, et al. Pollen-related allergy in Europe. Position Paper of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy. 1998;53:567–78. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03932.x
19. Damialis A, Gioulekas D, Lazopoulou C, Balafoutis C, Vokou D. Transport of airborne pollen into the city of Thessaloniki: The effects of wind direction, speed and persistence. Int J Biometeorol. 2005;49:139–45. 10.1007/s00484-004-0229-z
20. Gonianakis M, Baritaki M, Neonakis I, Gonianakis I, Kypriotakis Z, Darivianaki E, et al. A 10-year aerobiological study (1994–2003) in the Mediterranean island of Crete, Greece: trees, aerobiologic data, and botanical and clinical correlations. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2006;27:371–7. 10.2500/aap.2006.27.2935
21. Papageorgiou P. Particularities of pollen allergies in Greece. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999;27(Suppl 18):168–71. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(1999)27:18+%3C168::AID-PPUL55%3E3.0.CO;2-T
22. Gioulekas D, Damialis A, Papakosta D, Syrigou A, Mpaka G, Saxoni F, et al. 15-Year aeroallergen records. Their usefulness in Athens Olympics. Allergy. 2004;58:933–8. 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00244.x
23. Gioulekas D, Papakosta D, Damialis A, Spieksma F, Giouleka P, Patakas D. Allergenic pollen records (15 years) and sensitization in patients with respiratory allergy in Thessaloniki, Greece. Allergy. 2004;59:174–84. 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00312.x
24. Katotomichelakis M, Nikolaidis C, Makris M, Proimos E, Aggelides X, Constantinidis TC, et al. Alternaria and Cladosporium calendar of Western Thrace: Relationship with allergic rhinitis symptoms. Laryngoscope. 2016;126: E51–56. 10.1002/lary.25594
25. Grant Smith E. Sampling and identifying allergenic pollens and molds. An Illustrated Manual for Physicians and Lab Technicians. San Antonio, TX: Blewstone Press; 1984.
26. Caulton E, Lacey ME, Allitt U, Crosby R, Emberlin J, Hirst J.M. Airborne pollens and spores: A guide to trapping and counting. Rotherham: British Aerobiological Federation; 1995.
27. Rodrıguez-de la Cruz D, Sanchez-Reyes E, Davila-Gonzalez I, Lorente-Toleano F, Sanvhez-Sanchez J. Airborne pollen calendar of Salamanca, Spain, 2000–2007. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2010;38:307–12. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.04.001
28. Perez-Badia R, Rapp A, Morales C, Sardinero S, Galan C, Garcia-Mozo H. Pollen spectrum and risk of pollen allergy in central Spain. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2010;17:139–151. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20684492/
29. Gucel S, Guvensen A, Ozturk M, Celik A. Analysis of airborne pollen fall in Nicosia (Cyprus). Environ Monit Assess. 2013;185:157–69. 10.1007/s10661-012-2540-1
30. Bousquet J, Cour P, Guerin B, Michel F. Allergy in the Mediterranean area. I. Pollen counts and pollinosis of Montpellier. Clin Allergy. 1984;14:249–58. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02204.x
31. Spieksma F. Regional European pollen calendars. In: D’Amato G, Spieksma FT, Bonini S, editors. Allergenic pollen and pollinosis in Europe. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991, p. 49–65.
32. Emberlin J, Mullins J, Corden J, Jones S, Millington W, Brooke M, et al. Regional variations in grass pollen seasons in the UK, long-term trends and forecast models. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:347–56. 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00369.x
33. Oh J, Lee H, Kang I, Kim S-W, Park K-S, Kook M-H, et al. The revised edition of Korean calendar for allergenic pollens. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4:5–11. 10.4168/aair.2012.4.1.5
34. Kosisky S, Marks M, Nelson M. Pollen aeroallergens in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area: A 10-year volumetric survey (1998–2007). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104:223–35. 10.1016/j.anai.2010.01.005
35. Hoffmann T, Şahin A, Aggelidis X, Arasi S, Barbalace A, Bourgoin A, et al. “Whole” vs. “fragmented” approach to EAACI pollen season definitions: A multicenter study in six Southern European cities. Allergy. 2020;75:1659–71. 10.1111/all.14153
36. Grant-Smith E. Sampling and identifying allergenic pollens and molds. San Antonio, TX: Blewstone Press; 1990.
37. Rojo J, Rapp A, Lara B, Sabariego S, Fernández-González F, Pérez-Badia R. Characterization of the airborne pollen spectrum in Guadalajara (central Spain) and estimation of the potential allergy risk. Environ Monit Assess. 2016;188:130. 10.1007/s10661-016-5129-2
38. Reyes E, de la Cruz D, Merino M, Sanchez J. Meteorological and agricultural effects on airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores and clinical aspects in Valladolid (Spain). Ann Agric Environ Med 2009;16:53–61. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19572478/
39. Erkara I, Asan A, Yilmaz V, Pehlivan S, Okten S. Airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium species and relationship with meteorological conditions in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 2008;144:31–41. 10.1007/s10661-007-9939-0
40. Katial R, Zhang Y, Jones R, Dyer P. Atmospheric mold spore counts in relation to meteorological parameters. Int J Biometeorol. 1997;41:17–21. 10.1007/s004840050048
41. Oliveira M, Ribeiro H, Abreu I. Annual variation of fungal spores in atmosphere of Porto: 2003. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005;12:309–15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16457491/
42. Sabariego S, Diaz de la Guardia C, Alba F. [Aerobiological study of Alternaria and Cladosporium conidia in the atmosphere of Almeria (SE Spain)]. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2004;21:121–27. Spanish. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15709785/
43. Douladiris N, Savvatianos S, Roumpedaki I, Skevaki C, Mitsias D, Papadopoulos N. A molecular diagnostic algorithm to guide pollen immunotherapy in southern Europe: towards component-resolved management of allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:163–72. 10.1159/000353113
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Mar 1, 2022
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Katsimpris, P., Nikolaidis, C., Deftereou, T.-E., Balatsouras, D., Printza, A., Iliou, T., Alexiadis, T., Chatzisouleiman, I., Samara, M., Constantinidis, J., Lambropoulou, M., & Katotomichelakis, M. (2022). Three-year pollen and fungi calendar in a Mediterranean region of the Northeast Greece. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 50(2), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i2.491
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Katsimpris, P., Nikolaidis, C., Deftereou, T.-E., Balatsouras, D., Printza, A., Iliou, T., Alexiadis, T., Chatzisouleiman, I., Samara, M., Constantinidis, J., Lambropoulou, M., & Katotomichelakis, M. (2022). Three-year pollen and fungi calendar in a Mediterranean region of the Northeast Greece. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 50(2), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i2.491