Factors associated with asthma symptoms in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59: Secondary analysis of the study “Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in Colombia 2009–2010”
Main Article Content
Keywords
Asthma, tropical countries, asthma exacerbation, rhinitis, allergic diseases
Abstract
Background: Asthma, a chronic inflammatory lung disease, is one of the leading causes of disability, demands on health resources, and poor quality of life. It is necessary to identify asthma-related risk factors to reduce the presence and development of symptoms.
Objective: This study aimed to explore the association of multiple possible factors with asthma symptoms in two subpopulations, children, adolescents, and adults, in six cities in Colombia.
Materials and methods: This was an observational analytical case-control study based on a cross-sectional study conducted as a secondary analysis of the prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in Colombia during 2009 and 2010. Weighted logistic regressions were conducted for each population.
Results: Out of the 5978 subjects in the cross-sectional survey, 747 were identified as cases, and 3109 were identified as controls. The prevalence of asthma was 30.8% in the child and adolescent population and 14.7% in the adult population. Among the various factors studied, those associated with asthma symptoms in children/adolescents were: a family history of asthma (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3–4.7) and rhinitis (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.6); acetaminophen consumption at least once a month (OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.1–6.2); and the presence of birds at home (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.8). Regarding food consumption: fruit consumption (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.1–12.7). In adults, the factors that showed significant association were: a family history of allergic diseases (rhinitis OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.3–4.6), atopic eczema (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.8–7.0), or asthma (OR 1.8;95% CI 1.3–2.6); acetaminophen consumption at least once a month (OR 2.0; 1.5–2.8); the presence of dogs at home (OR 1.4;95% CI 1.03–1.8), exposure to second-hand smoke (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2–2.2), and exposure to exhaust fumes during the day (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.04–2.7).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that different cultural, environmental, and family factors are associated with asthma symptoms in children and adolescents, and these associations are evident in both males and females.
References
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2 Herrant M, Loucoubar C, Boufkhed S, Bassène H, Sarr FD, Baril L, et al. Risk factors associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis in a rural Senegalese cohort. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2015;11(1):1–11. 10.1186/s13223-015-0090-0
3 Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Lee BW, Acevedo N, Soh JY, Sánchez-Borges M, et al. Particularities of allergy in the Tropics. World Allergy Organ J. 2016;9:20. 10.1186/s40413-016-0110-7
4 Wu TD, Brigham EP, McCormack MC. Asthma in the Primary Care Setting. Med Clin North Am. 2019 May;103(3):435–52. 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.004
5 To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, Gershon AS, Bateman ED, Cruz AA, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):204. 10.1186/1471-2458-12-204
6 Toskala E, Kennedy DW. Asthma risk factors: Asthma risk factors. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015 Sep;5(S1):S11–6. 10.1002/alr.21557
7 Cooper PJ, Rodrigues LC, Cruz AA, Barreto ML. Asthma in Latin America: a public health challenge and research opportunity. Allergy. 2009 Jan;64(1):5–17. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01902.x
8 Dennis R, Caraballo L, García E, Caballero A, Aristizabal G, Córdoba H, et al. Asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia: a study in 6 cities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Dec;93(6):568–74. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61265-3
9 Dennis RJ, Caraballo L, García E, Rojas MX, Rondon MA, Pérez A, et al. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia 2009–2010: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 2012;12(1):17. 10.1186/1471-2466-12-17
10 Garcia E, Aristizabal G, Vasquez C, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Sarmiento OL, Satizabal CL. Prevalence of and factors associated with current asthma symptoms in school children aged 6–7 and 13–14 yr old in Bogotá, Colombia. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Jun;19(4):307–14. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00650.x
11 Martinez CR, Sossa M, Goss CH. Factors Associated with Severe Disease in a Population of Asthmatic Children of Bogota, Colombia. J Asthma. 2008 Jan;45(2):141–7. 10.1080/02770900701840253
12 Betancourt-Peña J, Olaya-Tamayo RA, Giraldo-Mosquera MC, Arredondo-Florez EJ, Carrillo HA, Ávila-Valencia JC. Factores de riesgo y síntomas de asma infantil en estudiantes de dos colegios de Cali. Univ Salud. 2021 Apr 30;23(2):85–91. 10.22267/rus.212302.219
13 Moreno-López S, Pérez-Herrera LC, Peñaranda D, Hernández DC, García E, Peñaranda A. Prevalence and associated factors of allergic diseases in school children and adolescents aged 6-7 and 13-14 years old from two rural areas in Colombia. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021 May 1;49(3):153–61. 10.15586/aei.v49i3.183
14 Gonzalez-Garcia M, Caballero A, Jaramillo C, Maldonado D, Torres-Duque CA. Prevalence, risk factors and underdiagnosis of asthma and wheezing in adults 40 years and older: A population-based study. J Asthma. 2015 Sep 14;52(8):823–30. 10.3109/02770903.2015.1010733
15 Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, et al. International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 1995 Mar 1;8(3):483–91. 10.1183/09031936.95.08030483
16 Ellwood P, Asher MI, Beasley R, Clayton TO, Stewart AW, ISAAC Steering Committee. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005 Jan;9(1):10–6.
17 Kleinbaum D, Klein M. II. Interaction Assessment Stage. In: Logistic Regression A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer; pp. 207–10.
18 Woodruff RS. A Simple Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimate. J Am Stat Assoc. 1971 Jun;66(334): 411–4. 10.1080/01621459.1971.10482279
19 Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Proyecciones de Población departamentales y municipales por área [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf
20 Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público. Documento Conpes 3386 [Internet]. 2005 p. 1–30. Available from: https://minvivienda.gov.co/sites/default/files/normativa/3386%20-%202005.pdf
21 Garcia-Marcos L, Pacheco-Gonzalez R. A sequel of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood or a prelude to the Global Asthma Network? J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015 Jan;91(1):1–3. 10.1016/j.jped.2014.09.001
22 Stern J, Pier J, Litonjua AA. Asthma epidemiology and risk factors. Semin Immunopathol. 2020 Feb;42(1):5–15. 10.1007/s00281-020-00785-1
23 Penaranda A, Garcia E, Barragan AM, Rondon MA, Perez A, Rojas MX, et al. Factors associated with Allergic Rhinitis in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59. Rhinol J. 2016 Mar 1;54(1):56–67. 10.4193/Rhin14.234
24 Paaso EM, Jaakkola MS, Rantala AK, Hugg TT, Jaakkola JJ. Allergic diseases and asthma in the family predict the persistence and onset-age of asthma: a prospective cohort study. Respir Res. 2014 Dec;15(1):152. 10.1186/s12931-014-0152-8
25 Deichmann KA, Starke B, Schlenther S, Heinzmann A, Sparholt SH, Forster J, et al. Linkage and association studies of atopy and the chromosome 11q13 region. J Med Genet. 1999 May;36(5):379–82.
26 McCrae JC, Morrison EE, MacIntyre IM, Dear JW, Webb DJ. Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol–a review: Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;84(10):2218–30. 10.1111/bcp.13656
27 Fu LS, Lin CC, Wei CY, Lin CH, Huang YC. Risk of acute exacerbation between acetaminophen and ibuprofen in children with asthma. PeerJ. 2019 Apr 16;7:e6760. 10.7717/peerj.6760
28 Henderson AJ, Shaheen SO. Acetaminophen and asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2013 Mar;14(1):9–16. 10.1016/j.prrv.2012.04.004
29 Lipiec A, Wawrzyniak Z, Sybilski A, Samolińska-Zawisza U, Krzych–Fałta E, Piekarska B, et al. The association between paracetamol use and the risk of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in the Polish population. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018 Sep 25;25(3):428–32. 10.26444/aaem/86336
30 Lewis S, Richards D, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Prospective study of risk factors for early and persistent wheezing in childhood. Eur Respir J. 1995 Mar 1;8(3):349–56. 10.1183/09031936.95.08030349
31 Mielck A, Reitmeir P, Wjst M. Severity of Childhood Asthma by Socioeconomic Status. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(2):388–93. 10.1093/ije/25.2.388
32 Hancox RJ. Relationship between socioeconomic status and asthma: a longitudinal cohort study. Thorax. 2004 May 1;59(5):376–80. 10.1136/thx.2003.010363
33 Valdivia C G, Caussade L S, Navarro M H, Cerda L J, Pérez B E, Aquevedo S A, et al. Influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en el asma bronquial y cambios en su prevalencia en población escolar en un periodo de 6 años. Rev Médica Chile [Internet]. 2009 Feb [cited 2022 Oct 2];137(2). Available from: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872009000200005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
34 Mallol J, Crane J, von Mutius E, Odhiambo J, Keil U, Stewart A. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: A global synthesis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2013 Mar;41(2):73–85. 10.1016/j.aller.2012.03.001
35 Pietinalho A, Pelkonen A, Rytilä P. Linkage between smoking and asthma. Allergy. 2009 Dec;64(12):1722–7. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02208.x
36 Hancox RJ, Gray AR, Poulton R, Sears MR. The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Lung Function in Young Adults with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug 1;194(3):276–84. 10.1164/rccm.201512-2492OC
37 Nadif R, Matran R, Maccario J, Bechet M, Le Moual N, Scheinmann P, et al. Passive and active smoking and exhaled nitric oxide levels according to asthma and atopy in adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010 May;104(5):385–93. 10.1016/j.anai.2010.03.013
38 Gruzieva O, Bellander T, Eneroth K, Kull I, Melén E, Nordling E, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and development of allergic sensitization in children during the first 8 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Jan;129(1):240–6. 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.001
39 Morales Suárez-Varela MM, Jiménez-López MC, Llopis-González A, García-Marcos L. Estudio de la presencia de animales domésticos: gatos y perros, y su papel en el asma, la rinitis alérgica y la dermatitis atópica en niños. Aten Primaria. 2005 Nov;36(9):525–6. 10.1016/S0212-6567(05)70557-6
40 Gorman J, Cook A, Ferguson C, Van Buynder P, Fenwick S, Weinstein P. Pet birds and risks of respiratory disease in Australia: a review. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009 Apr;33(2):167–72. 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00365.x
41 Bener A, Mobayed H, Sattar HA, Al-Mohammed AA, Ibrahimi AS, Sabbah A. Pet ownership: its effect on allergy and respiratory symptoms. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Oct;36(8):306–10.
42 Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, Garcia-Marcos L, Strachan DP, ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two. Thorax. 2010 Jun;65(6):516–22. 10.1136/thx.2009.128256
43 Neto ACP, Solé D, Hirakata V, Schmid LS, Klock C, Barreto SSM. Risk factors for asthma in schoolchildren in Southern Brazil. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2020 May;48(3):237–43. 10.1016/j.aller.2019.07.003
44 Cabrera A, Picado C, Barba S, Fonseca O, Castro E, García-Marcos L, et al. Prevalencia y factores asociados para asma en adultos en Quito: un estudio transversal. Colomb Medica. 2022 May 30;53(2):1–10. 10.25100/cm.v53i2.5086
45 Kuruvilla ME, Vanijcharoenkarn K, Shih JA, Lee FEH. Epidemiology and risk factors for asthma. Respir Med. 2019 Mar;149:16–22. 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.01.014
2 Herrant M, Loucoubar C, Boufkhed S, Bassène H, Sarr FD, Baril L, et al. Risk factors associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis in a rural Senegalese cohort. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2015;11(1):1–11. 10.1186/s13223-015-0090-0
3 Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Lee BW, Acevedo N, Soh JY, Sánchez-Borges M, et al. Particularities of allergy in the Tropics. World Allergy Organ J. 2016;9:20. 10.1186/s40413-016-0110-7
4 Wu TD, Brigham EP, McCormack MC. Asthma in the Primary Care Setting. Med Clin North Am. 2019 May;103(3):435–52. 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.004
5 To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, Gershon AS, Bateman ED, Cruz AA, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):204. 10.1186/1471-2458-12-204
6 Toskala E, Kennedy DW. Asthma risk factors: Asthma risk factors. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015 Sep;5(S1):S11–6. 10.1002/alr.21557
7 Cooper PJ, Rodrigues LC, Cruz AA, Barreto ML. Asthma in Latin America: a public health challenge and research opportunity. Allergy. 2009 Jan;64(1):5–17. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01902.x
8 Dennis R, Caraballo L, García E, Caballero A, Aristizabal G, Córdoba H, et al. Asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia: a study in 6 cities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Dec;93(6):568–74. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61265-3
9 Dennis RJ, Caraballo L, García E, Rojas MX, Rondon MA, Pérez A, et al. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia 2009–2010: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 2012;12(1):17. 10.1186/1471-2466-12-17
10 Garcia E, Aristizabal G, Vasquez C, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Sarmiento OL, Satizabal CL. Prevalence of and factors associated with current asthma symptoms in school children aged 6–7 and 13–14 yr old in Bogotá, Colombia. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Jun;19(4):307–14. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00650.x
11 Martinez CR, Sossa M, Goss CH. Factors Associated with Severe Disease in a Population of Asthmatic Children of Bogota, Colombia. J Asthma. 2008 Jan;45(2):141–7. 10.1080/02770900701840253
12 Betancourt-Peña J, Olaya-Tamayo RA, Giraldo-Mosquera MC, Arredondo-Florez EJ, Carrillo HA, Ávila-Valencia JC. Factores de riesgo y síntomas de asma infantil en estudiantes de dos colegios de Cali. Univ Salud. 2021 Apr 30;23(2):85–91. 10.22267/rus.212302.219
13 Moreno-López S, Pérez-Herrera LC, Peñaranda D, Hernández DC, García E, Peñaranda A. Prevalence and associated factors of allergic diseases in school children and adolescents aged 6-7 and 13-14 years old from two rural areas in Colombia. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021 May 1;49(3):153–61. 10.15586/aei.v49i3.183
14 Gonzalez-Garcia M, Caballero A, Jaramillo C, Maldonado D, Torres-Duque CA. Prevalence, risk factors and underdiagnosis of asthma and wheezing in adults 40 years and older: A population-based study. J Asthma. 2015 Sep 14;52(8):823–30. 10.3109/02770903.2015.1010733
15 Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, et al. International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 1995 Mar 1;8(3):483–91. 10.1183/09031936.95.08030483
16 Ellwood P, Asher MI, Beasley R, Clayton TO, Stewart AW, ISAAC Steering Committee. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005 Jan;9(1):10–6.
17 Kleinbaum D, Klein M. II. Interaction Assessment Stage. In: Logistic Regression A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer; pp. 207–10.
18 Woodruff RS. A Simple Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimate. J Am Stat Assoc. 1971 Jun;66(334): 411–4. 10.1080/01621459.1971.10482279
19 Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Proyecciones de Población departamentales y municipales por área [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf
20 Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público. Documento Conpes 3386 [Internet]. 2005 p. 1–30. Available from: https://minvivienda.gov.co/sites/default/files/normativa/3386%20-%202005.pdf
21 Garcia-Marcos L, Pacheco-Gonzalez R. A sequel of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood or a prelude to the Global Asthma Network? J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015 Jan;91(1):1–3. 10.1016/j.jped.2014.09.001
22 Stern J, Pier J, Litonjua AA. Asthma epidemiology and risk factors. Semin Immunopathol. 2020 Feb;42(1):5–15. 10.1007/s00281-020-00785-1
23 Penaranda A, Garcia E, Barragan AM, Rondon MA, Perez A, Rojas MX, et al. Factors associated with Allergic Rhinitis in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59. Rhinol J. 2016 Mar 1;54(1):56–67. 10.4193/Rhin14.234
24 Paaso EM, Jaakkola MS, Rantala AK, Hugg TT, Jaakkola JJ. Allergic diseases and asthma in the family predict the persistence and onset-age of asthma: a prospective cohort study. Respir Res. 2014 Dec;15(1):152. 10.1186/s12931-014-0152-8
25 Deichmann KA, Starke B, Schlenther S, Heinzmann A, Sparholt SH, Forster J, et al. Linkage and association studies of atopy and the chromosome 11q13 region. J Med Genet. 1999 May;36(5):379–82.
26 McCrae JC, Morrison EE, MacIntyre IM, Dear JW, Webb DJ. Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol–a review: Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;84(10):2218–30. 10.1111/bcp.13656
27 Fu LS, Lin CC, Wei CY, Lin CH, Huang YC. Risk of acute exacerbation between acetaminophen and ibuprofen in children with asthma. PeerJ. 2019 Apr 16;7:e6760. 10.7717/peerj.6760
28 Henderson AJ, Shaheen SO. Acetaminophen and asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2013 Mar;14(1):9–16. 10.1016/j.prrv.2012.04.004
29 Lipiec A, Wawrzyniak Z, Sybilski A, Samolińska-Zawisza U, Krzych–Fałta E, Piekarska B, et al. The association between paracetamol use and the risk of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in the Polish population. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018 Sep 25;25(3):428–32. 10.26444/aaem/86336
30 Lewis S, Richards D, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Prospective study of risk factors for early and persistent wheezing in childhood. Eur Respir J. 1995 Mar 1;8(3):349–56. 10.1183/09031936.95.08030349
31 Mielck A, Reitmeir P, Wjst M. Severity of Childhood Asthma by Socioeconomic Status. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(2):388–93. 10.1093/ije/25.2.388
32 Hancox RJ. Relationship between socioeconomic status and asthma: a longitudinal cohort study. Thorax. 2004 May 1;59(5):376–80. 10.1136/thx.2003.010363
33 Valdivia C G, Caussade L S, Navarro M H, Cerda L J, Pérez B E, Aquevedo S A, et al. Influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en el asma bronquial y cambios en su prevalencia en población escolar en un periodo de 6 años. Rev Médica Chile [Internet]. 2009 Feb [cited 2022 Oct 2];137(2). Available from: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872009000200005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
34 Mallol J, Crane J, von Mutius E, Odhiambo J, Keil U, Stewart A. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: A global synthesis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2013 Mar;41(2):73–85. 10.1016/j.aller.2012.03.001
35 Pietinalho A, Pelkonen A, Rytilä P. Linkage between smoking and asthma. Allergy. 2009 Dec;64(12):1722–7. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02208.x
36 Hancox RJ, Gray AR, Poulton R, Sears MR. The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Lung Function in Young Adults with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug 1;194(3):276–84. 10.1164/rccm.201512-2492OC
37 Nadif R, Matran R, Maccario J, Bechet M, Le Moual N, Scheinmann P, et al. Passive and active smoking and exhaled nitric oxide levels according to asthma and atopy in adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010 May;104(5):385–93. 10.1016/j.anai.2010.03.013
38 Gruzieva O, Bellander T, Eneroth K, Kull I, Melén E, Nordling E, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and development of allergic sensitization in children during the first 8 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Jan;129(1):240–6. 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.001
39 Morales Suárez-Varela MM, Jiménez-López MC, Llopis-González A, García-Marcos L. Estudio de la presencia de animales domésticos: gatos y perros, y su papel en el asma, la rinitis alérgica y la dermatitis atópica en niños. Aten Primaria. 2005 Nov;36(9):525–6. 10.1016/S0212-6567(05)70557-6
40 Gorman J, Cook A, Ferguson C, Van Buynder P, Fenwick S, Weinstein P. Pet birds and risks of respiratory disease in Australia: a review. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009 Apr;33(2):167–72. 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00365.x
41 Bener A, Mobayed H, Sattar HA, Al-Mohammed AA, Ibrahimi AS, Sabbah A. Pet ownership: its effect on allergy and respiratory symptoms. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Oct;36(8):306–10.
42 Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, Garcia-Marcos L, Strachan DP, ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two. Thorax. 2010 Jun;65(6):516–22. 10.1136/thx.2009.128256
43 Neto ACP, Solé D, Hirakata V, Schmid LS, Klock C, Barreto SSM. Risk factors for asthma in schoolchildren in Southern Brazil. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2020 May;48(3):237–43. 10.1016/j.aller.2019.07.003
44 Cabrera A, Picado C, Barba S, Fonseca O, Castro E, García-Marcos L, et al. Prevalencia y factores asociados para asma en adultos en Quito: un estudio transversal. Colomb Medica. 2022 May 30;53(2):1–10. 10.25100/cm.v53i2.5086
45 Kuruvilla ME, Vanijcharoenkarn K, Shih JA, Lee FEH. Epidemiology and risk factors for asthma. Respir Med. 2019 Mar;149:16–22. 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.01.014
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Jan 1, 2025
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Garcia, E., Rojas, M. X., Ardila, M. C., A. Rondón, M., Peñaranda, A., Barragán, A. M., Pérez, A., Moreno, S., Sotaquirá, L., Caraballo, L., & J. Dennis, R. (2025). Factors associated with asthma symptoms in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59: Secondary analysis of the study “Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in Colombia 2009–2010”. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 53(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i1.1122
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How to Cite
Garcia, E., Rojas, M. X., Ardila, M. C., A. Rondón, M., Peñaranda, A., Barragán, A. M., Pérez, A., Moreno, S., Sotaquirá, L., Caraballo, L., & J. Dennis, R. (2025). Factors associated with asthma symptoms in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59: Secondary analysis of the study “Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in Colombia 2009–2010”. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 53(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i1.1122