COVID-19 and air pollution: A dangerous association?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Air pollution, Particulate matter, COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019, Epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
In late 2019, a new infectious disease (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, China, which has now turned into a global pandemic. Countries around the world have implemented some type of blockade to lessen their infection and mitigate it. The blockade due to COVID-19 has drastic effects on the social and economic fronts. However, recent data released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA), Copernicus Sentinel-5P Tropomi Instrument and Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) indicate that the pollution in some of the epicenters of COVID-19, such as Wuhan, Italy, Spain, USA, and Brazil, reduced by up to 30%. This study compiled the environmental data released by these centers and discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental pollution.
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2. World Health Organization. Corona-virus disease (COVID19) outbreak. Available in: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19. (Accessed April 2020).
3. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;30(18):1708-20, http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
4. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33, http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
5. Johns Hopkins University and Medicine - Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins (JHU). Available in: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. (Accessed May 2020).
6. Dutheli F, Navel V, Clinchamps M. The indirect benefit on respiratory health from the world’s effort to reduce transmission of SARS -CoV-2. Chest. 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.062. S0012-3692(20)30689-9.
7. Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HB, Brutta ZA, Birykov S, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1659-724, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8.
8. Iriti M, Piscitelli P, Missoni E, Miani A. Air pollution and health the need for a medical reading of environmental monitoring Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17 (March (7)):2174, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072174.
9. Dutheli F. COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution? Environ Pollut. 2020;263 Pt A, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114466, 114466.
10. Liu J, Zhou J, Jinxi Ya J, Zhang Xiuxia, Li Lanyu, Xu Xiaocheng. Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: A multi-city study in China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;726:138513, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138513.
11. Conticini E, Frediani B, Caro D. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV2 lethality in Northern Italy? Environ Pollut. 2020;4:114465, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465.
12. Tob´ias A, Carnerero C, Reche C, Massague´ J, Via M, Minguillon´ MC, et al. Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Sci Total Environ. 2020;726:138540, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138540.
13. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564-7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
14. Setti L., Passarini, De Gennaro GF, Barbieri P., Perrone M.G., Piazzalunga A., et al. The potential role of particulate matter in the spreading of COVID-19 in Northern Italy: first evidence-based research hypotheses. 2020. Available in: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.20061713v1. (Accessed April 2020).
15. Coccia, Mario, Diffusion of COVID-19 Outbreaks: The interaction between air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics in hinterland regions with cold weather and low average wind speed (April 3, 2020). Working paper CocciaLab n. 48/2020, CNR - National Research Council of Italy. Available in: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567841. (Accessed April 2020).
16. Travaglio M, Yu Y, Popovic R, Santos Leal N, Martins LM. Links between air pollution and COVID in England. medRxiv. 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20067405.
17. Cui Y, Zhang Z, Froines J, Zhao J, Wang H, Yu S, et al. Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People’s Republic of China: an ecologic study. Environ Health. 2003;2:15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-2-15.
18. Min CK, Cheon S, Ha NY, Sohn KM, Kim Y, Aigerim A, et al. Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25359, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep25359.
19. McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395:1033-4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0.
20. Why air pollution is linked to a faster spread of coronavirus. Available in: https://airqualitynews.com/2020/04/09/why-air-pollution-is-linked-to-a-faster-spread-of-coronavirus/. (Accessed April 2020).
21. Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath B, Braun D, Dominici F. Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States. MedRxiv. 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502.
22. Kirby T. South America prepares for the impact of COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30218-6. S2213-2600(20)30218-6.
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24. Nakada LYK, Urban RC. COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in Sa˜o Paulo state, Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139087 (Accessed May 2020).
25. Dantas G, Siciliano B, Boscaro Franc¸a B, da Silva CM, Arbilla A. The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:139085, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139085.
26. Myllyvirta L., Thieriot H. 11.000 air pollution-related deaths avoided in Europe as coal, oil consumption plummet. Available in: https://energyandcleanair.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CREA-Europe-COVID-impacts.pdf. (Accessed May 2020).
27. Implementation of mitigation strategies for communities with local COVID-19 transmission. Available in: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf. (Accessed May 2020).
28. Brown A, Horton R. A planetary health perspective on COVID-19: a call for papers. Lancet. 2020;395:1099, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30078-4.
29. Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, Boltz F, Capon A, Ferreira B, et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health. Lancet. 2015;386(10007):1973-2028, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1.
30. Schroeder P, Anggraeni K, Weber U. The relevance of circular economy practices to the sustainable development goals: circular economy and SDGs. J Ind Ecol. 2018;23(1):77-95.
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Sep 15, 2020
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Urrutia-Pereira, M., Mello-da-Silva, C., & Solé, D. (2020). COVID-19 and air pollution: A dangerous association?. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 48(5), 496-499. https://all-imm.com/index.php/aei/article/view/161
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How to Cite
Urrutia-Pereira, M., Mello-da-Silva, C., & Solé, D. (2020). COVID-19 and air pollution: A dangerous association?. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 48(5), 496-499. https://all-imm.com/index.php/aei/article/view/161